IMEI
The International Mobile Equipment Identity or IMEI is a number, usually unique, to identify GSM, WCDMA, and iDEN mobile phones, as well as some satellite phones. It is usually found printed inside the battery compartment of the phone. It can also be displayed on the screen of the phone by entering *#06# into the keypad on most phones.
The IMEI number is used by the GSM network to identify valid devices and therefore can be used for stopping a stolen phone from accessing the network in that country. For example, if a mobile phone is stolen, the owner can call his or her network provider and instruct them to "blacklist" the phone using its IMEI number. This renders the phone useless on that network and sometimes other networks too, whether or not the phone's SIM is changed.
The IMEI is only used for identifying the device and has no permanent or semi-permanent relation to the subscriber. Instead, the subscriber is identified by transmission of an IMSI number, which is stored on a SIM card that can (in theory) be transferred to any handset. However, many network and security features are enabled by knowing the current device being used by a subscriber.
IMEI and the law
Many countries have acknowledged the use of the IMEI in reducing the effect of mobile phone theft. For example, in the United Kingdom, under the Mobile Telephones (Re-programming) Act, changing the IMEI of a phone, or possessing equipment that can change it, is considered an offence under some circumstance. Such an action is also considered a criminal offence in Latvia.
IMEI blocking is not the only approach available for combating phone theft. For example, mobile operators in Singapore are not required by the regulator to implement phone blocking or tracing systems, IMEI-based or other. The regulator has expressed its doubts on the real effectiveness of this kind of system in the context of the mobile market in Singapore. Instead, mobile operators are encouraged to take measures such as the immediate suspension of service and the replacement of SIM cards in case of loss or theft.
There is a misunderstanding amongst some regulators that the existence of a formally-allocated IMEI number range for a GSM terminal implies that the terminal is approved or complies with regulatory requirements. This is not the case. The linkage between regulatory approval and IMEI allocation was removed in April 2000, with the introduction of the European R&TTE Directive. Since that date, IMEIs have been allocated by BABT (or one of several other regional administrators acting on behalf of the GSM Association) to legitimate GSM terminal manufacturers without the need to provide evidence of approval.
Blacklist of stolen devices
When mobile equipment is stolen or lost the owner can typically contact their local operator with a request that it should be blocked. If the local operator possesses an Equipment Identity Register (EIR), it then will put the device IMEI into it, and can optionally communicate this to the Central Equipment Identity Register (CEIR) which blacklists the device in all other operator switches that use the CEIR. With this blacklisting in place the device becomes unusable on any operator that uses the CEIR, making theft of mobile equipment a useless business proposition, unless for parts.
Some UK Police forces such as the Metropolitan Police Service actively check IMEI numbers of phones found involved in crime, against the NMPR register.
The IMEI number is not supposed to be easy to change, making the CEIR blacklisting effective. However this is not always the case: a phone's IMEI may be easy to change with special tools.
Limitations
- "New IMEIs can be programmed into stolen handsets and 10% of IMEIs are not unique." According to a BT Cellnet spokesman quoted by the BBC.
- IMEIs can sometimes be unlisted depending on local arrangements. This would typically include quoting a password which was chosen at the time the blacklisting was applied.
Lawful interception
A target for lawful interception (wiretapping) can be specified by its IMEI number as well as IMSI and MSISDN
Structure of the IMEI and IMEISV (IMEI Software Version)
The IMEI (14 decimal digits plus a check digit) or IMEISV (16 digits) includes information on the origin, model, and serial number of the device. The structure of the IMEI/SV are specified in 3GPP TS 23.003. The model and origin comprise the initial 8-digit portion of the IMEI/SV, known as the Type Allocation Code (TAC). The remainder of the IMEI is manufacturer-defined, with a Luhn check digit at the end. For the IMEI format prior to 2003, the GSMA guideline was to have this Check Digit always transmitted to the network as zero. This guideline seems to have disappeared for the format valid from 2003 and onwards.
As of 2004, the format of the IMEI is AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCC-D, although it may not always be displayed this way. The IMEISV drops the Luhn check digit in favour of an additional two digits for the Software Version Number (SVN), making the format AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCC-EE
| AA | - | BB | BB | BB | - | CC | CC | CC | D or EE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old IMEI | TAC | FAC | Serial number | (Optional) Luhn checksum | ||||||
| New IMEI | TAC | |||||||||
| Old IMEISV | TAC | FAC | Software Version Number (SVN). | |||||||
| New IMEISV | TAC | |||||||||
Prior to 2002, the TAC was six digits long and was followed by a two-digit Final Assembly Code (FAC), which was a manufacturer-specific code indicating the location of the device's construction. From January 1, 2003 until that April 1, 2004, the FAC for all phones was 00. After April 1, 2004, the Final Assembly Code ceased to exist and the Type Allocation Code increased to eight digits in length.
In any of the above cases, the first two digits of the TAC are the Reporting Body Identifier, which identifies the GSMA-approved group that allocated the TAC. The RBI numbers are allocated by the Global Decimal Administrator. The first two digits are always decimal (i.e., less than 0xA0), allowing IMEI numbers to be distinguished from an MEID, which will always have 0xA0 or larger as its first two digits.
For example, the old style IMEI code 35-209900-176148-1 or IMEISV code 35-209900-176148-23 tells us the following:
TAC: 35-2099 - issued by the BABT (code 35) with the allocation number 2099
FAC: 00 - indicating the phone was made during the transition period when FACs were being removed.
SNR: 176148 - uniquely identifying a unit of this model
CD: 1 so it is a GSM Phase 2 or higher
SVN: 23 - The "software version number" identifying the revision of the software installed on the phone. 99 is reserved.
By contrast, the new style IMEI code 49-015420-323751 has a 8-digit TAC of 49-015420.
The new CDMA Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID) uses the same basic format as the IMEI.
Check digit computation
The last number of the IMEI is a check digit calculated using the Luhn algorithm.
According to the IMEI Allocation and Approval Guidelines,
The Check Digit shall be calculated according to Luhn formula (ISO/IEC 7812). (See GSM 02.16 / 3GPP 22.016). The Check Digit is a function of all other digits in the IMEI. The Software Version Number (SVN) of a mobile is not included in the calculation.
The purpose of the Check Digit is to help guard against the possibility of incorrect entries to the CEIR and EIR equipment.
The presentation of the Check Digit both electronically and in printed form on the label and packaging is very important. Logistics (using bar-code reader) and EIR/CEIR administration cannot use the Check Digit unless it is printed outside of the packaging, and on the ME IMEI/Type Accreditation label.
The check digit is not transmitted over the radio interface, nor is it stored in the EIR database at any point. Therefore, all references to the last three or six digits of an IMEI refer to the actual IMEI number, to which the check digit does not belong.
The check digit is validated in three steps:
- Starting from the right, double a digit every two digits (e.g., 7 → 14).
- Sum the digits (e.g., 14 → 1 + 4).
- Check if the sum is divisible by 10.
Conversely, one can calculate the IMEI by choosing the check digit that would give a sum divisible by 10. For the example IMEI 49015420323751?,
| IMEI | 4 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 1 | ? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Double every other | 4 | 18 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 14 | 5 | 2 | ? |
| Sum digits | 4 + (1 + 8) + 0 + 2 + 5 + 8 + 2 + 0 + 3 + 4 + 3 + (1 + 4) + 5 + 2 + ? = 52 + ? | ||||||||||||||
To make the sum divisible by 10, we set ? = 8, so the IMEI is 490154203237518.
Usage on satellite phone networks
The BGAN, Iridium and Thuraya satellite phone networks all use IMEI numbers on their transceiver units as well as SIM cards in much the same way as GSM phones do. The Iridium 9601 modem relies solely on its IMEI number for identification and uses no SIM card; however, Iridium is a proprietary network and the device is incompatible with regular GSM networks.
Retrieving IMEI information from a GSM device
On many devices, the IMEI number can be retrieved by entering *#06#, or using the AT command ATD*#06#.
The IMEI number of a GSM device can be retrieved by sending the command AT+CGSN. For more information, refer to the 3GPP TS 27.007, Section 5.4 /2/ standards document.
Retrieving IMEI Information from an older Sony or Sony Ericsson handset can be done by entering these keys: * Right * Left Left * Left *
IMEI information on BlackBerry and on new Sony Ericsson devices can also be found by going to options, then status. On Android the IMEI information can be found under the "About Phone" menu option in the settings menu. On iOS devices, the IMEI can be found under General: About in the Settings app.
See also
External links
- IMEI Allocation & Approval Guidelines: PDF document explaining IMEI in detail from GSM Association.