OpenWRT: Setup IPsec Racoon
Sumber: http://wiki.openwrt.org/doc/howto/vpn.ipsec.basics.racoon
IPsec Basics
For an overview over all existing Virtual private network (VPN)-related articles in the OpenWrt wiki, please visit vpn.overview
- !: This page is about racoon. The new strongSwan documentation can be found here.
A quick starters quide based on Backfire 10.03.1-rc6. Maybe it will save you and me time if one has to setup an IPsec VPN in the future. Hopefully it will ecourage other people to use Openwrt as an IPsec VPN router. We cannot provide a graphical user interface at the moment but at least it is a solid alternative to commercial IPsec appliances. If you came here for informations about Openswan on OpenWrt you may be disappointed. This guide is only about racoon, see http://packages.debian.org/racoon.
–UPDATE– Openswan documentation is being put together here IPsec Site To Site Using Openswan Packages
If not already installed on your router you need the at least those packages
ipsec-tools: racoon, setkey, and kernel encryption modules kmod-crypto-authenc: Module for block cipher modes (AEAD) (automatically installed with ipsec-tools in latest trunk) kmod-ipsec: Basic security module (automatically installed with ipsec-tools in latest trunk) kmod-ipsec4: IPv4 security module kmod-ipsec6: IPv6 security module ip: Required to make scripting easier openssl-util: Certificate handling iptables-mod-nat-extra: For VPN networks with overlapping IP addresses ip6tables: IPv6 firewall support
Altogether those packages will eat up about 1,2 MB of your router's flash memory. The racoon and ip binaries will already be 650KB. Maybe it is time for an extroot installation? Configuration concept
With Linux default IPsec daemon is called racoon. For this one normally edits some files
/etc/racoon.conf: Central configuration file & endpoint definitions /etc/racoon/psk.txt: List of preshared keys /etc/racoon/setkey.conf: Security policies for tunnels
The major challenges are handling setkey.conf with dynamic IP addresses and clean integration into the OpenWrt configuration concept. To solve this we will use a hierarchical configuration process. That involves
/etc/config/racoon: The OpenWrt configuration file for racoon /etc/init.d/racoon: The racoon start script. It will generate the required configuration files for racoon /var/racoon/racoon.conf: The generated racoon config /var/racoon/psk.txt : The generated file with preshared keys /var/racoon/cert: The folder with generated certificates
Here a short example of the configuration methodology when having two VPN tunnels to ACME and Yabadoo networks
- /etc/config/racoon
config 'tunnel' 'ACME'
option 'enabled' '1' option 'remote' '1.2.3.4' list 'sainfo' 'acme_lan' ...
config 'sainfo' 'acme_lan'
option 'local_address' '192.168.213.64/26' option 'remote_address' '192.168.10.0/24' ...
config 'tunnel' 'Yabadoo'
option 'enabled' '1' option 'remote' '5.6.7.8'
Read more about the complete syntax for /etc/config/racoon. IKE Daemon
As already mentioned it can be a little scary to insert security polices into the kernel. Especially when you have a reconnecting interface with a dynamic outside IP. But to be honest all we have to know is already inside our /etc/config/racoon file. So we just have to use the startup script to parse those files and hand them over to the IPSec stack via setkey command. Our solution involves
automatically determine interfaces and IPs allow multiple sainfo sets per tunnel if racoon is already running reload policies only generate certificates and their hashes
To let racoon run as a background daemon we can place a hook in the init environment. Therefore create the file /etc/init.d/racoon and set the executable bit. Remark: This script is in an advanced beta state. It currently works for site to site or roadwarrior tunnels with either preshared keys or RSA certificates. Feel free to enhance it.
Enhancement: It works also with cisco ASA remote endpoint now :-)
- !/bin/sh /etc/rc.common
- /etc/init.d/racoon - version 27
NAME=racoon PROG=/usr/sbin/racoon START=60 STOP=60
. /etc/functions.sh
ConfigFile="/var/racoon/racoon.conf" PSKFile="/var/racoon/psk.txt" UserFile="/var/racoon/xauthuser.txt" CertificatePath="/var/racoon/cert" CallParameters="" RoadWarriorRemote="anonymous" RoadWarriorDNS="" RoadWarriorDomain="" RoadWarriorCerts="" MainConfigDone=0
UserConfig() {
local enabled local xauth local name local password local crt_subject config_get_bool enabled $1 enabled 0 "$enabled" == "0" && return config_get_bool xauth $1 xauth 0 config_get name $1 name "" config_get password $1 password "" config_get crt_subject $1 crt_subject "" if [ $xauth -eq 1 -a "$name" != "" -a "$password" != "" ]; then echo "$name $password" >> $UserFile fi if [ "$crt_subject" != "" ]; then RoadWarriorCerts="${RoadWarriorCerts}peers_identifier asn1dn \"$crt_subject\";" fi
}
CreateSA() {
local LocalEndpoint=`ip route get $3 | awk -F"src" '/src/{gsub(/ /,"");print $2}' | sed -e 's/metric.*//'`
echo "spdadd $1 $2 any -P out ipsec \
esp/tunnel/$LocalEndpoint-$3/unique; \
spdadd $2 $1 any -P in ipsec \
esp/tunnel/$3-$LocalEndpoint/unique; \
" | setkey -c 1>&2
}
RoadWarriorSubnet() {
local i
let "i=255<<(24-${1#*/}+8)&255"
echo " netmask4 255.255.255.$i;"
i="${1%/*}"
let "i=${i##*.}+1"
echo " network4 ${1%.*}.$i;"
}
MainConfig() {
local foreground local debug local listen config_get_bool foreground $1 foreground 0 config_get_bool debug $1 debug 0 config_get listen $1 listen "" config_get RoadWarriorDNS $1 dns "" config_get RoadWarriorDomain $1 domain "" $foreground -ne 0 && CallParameters="-F" $debug -ne 0 && CallParameters=$CallParameters" -d" echo "# auto generated by /etc/init.d/racoon" echo "path pre_shared_key \"$PSKFile\";" echo "path certificate \"$CertificatePath\";" echo "padding {" echo " maximum_length 20; randomize off;" echo " strict_check off; exclusive_tail off;" echo "}" echo "timer {" echo " counter 5; interval 20 sec; persend 1;" echo " phase1 30 sec; phase2 15 sec;" echo "}" echo "" if [ "$listen" != "" ]; then echo "listen {" config_list_foreach "$1" listen AddListenIP echo "}" echo "" fi MainConfigDone=1
}
AddListenIP() {
local value="$1"
. /lib/functions/network.sh
local retvalue
network_get_ipaddr listenIP "$value"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
if [ "$listenIP" != "" ]; then
echo " isakmp $listenIP;"
echo " isakmp_natt $listenIP [4500];"
fi
fi
network_get_ipaddr6 listenIP "$value"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
if [ "$listenIP" != "" ]; then
echo " isakmp $listenIP;"
echo " isakmp_natt $listenIP [4500];"
fi
fi
}
TunnelConfig() {
local enabled local remote local remote_device local preshared_key local exchange_mode local my_identifier local my_identifier_type local certificate local remote_device config_get_bool enabled "$1" enabled 0 "$enabled" == "0" && return config_get remote "$1" remote config_get remote_device "$1" remote_device "" config_get pre_shared_key "$1" pre_shared_key "" config_get exchange_mode "$1" exchange_mode config_get my_identifier "$1" my_identifier "" config_get my_identifier_type "$1" my_identifier_type "fqdn" config_get certificate "$1" certificate "" config_get dpd_delay "$1" dpd_delay "" if [ "$remote" != "$RoadWarriorRemote" ]; then if [ -x /usr/bin/dnsip ] ; then remote=`/usr/bin/dnsip $remote` else remote=`nslookup "$remote" | awk 'NR==5 { print $3 }'` fi prg=`racoon -V 2>/dev/null| grep "ipsec-tools 0.8" | wc -l` if [ $prg -eq 0 ]; then echo "remote $remote {" else echo "remote \"$1\" {" echo " remote_address $remote;" fi else echo "remote anonymous {" echo " generate_policy on;" fi if [ "$pre_shared_key" != "" ]; then if [ "$remote" != "$RoadWarriorRemote" ]; then echo "$remote $pre_shared_key" >> $PSKFile else echo "* $pre_shared_key" >> $PSKFile fi if [ "$my_identifier" != "" -a "$my_identifier_type" != "" ]; then echo " my_identifier $my_identifier_type \"$my_identifier\";" fi elif [ "$certificate" != "" ]; then echo " verify_cert on;" echo " certificate_type x509 \"$certificate.crt\" \"$certificate.key\";" echo " my_identifier asn1dn;" if [ "$remote" == "$RoadWarriorRemote" ]; then echo " verify_identifier on;" echo " "$RoadWarriorCerts else echo " peers_identifier asn1dn;" fi fi echo " exchange_mode $exchange_mode;" echo " proposal_check obey;" echo " nat_traversal on;" if [ "$dpd_delay" != "" ]; then echo " dpd_delay $dpd_delay;" fi config_list_foreach "$1" p1_proposal ConfigP1 echo "}" AnonSA=0 config_list_foreach "$1" sainfo ConfigSA $tunnel $remote "$remote" == "$RoadWarriorRemote" && echo "}"
}
ConfigP1() {
local lifetime
local encryption_algorithm
local hash_algorithm
local authentication
local dh_group
config_get lifetime "$1" lifetime 28800
config_get encryption_algorithm "$1" encryption_algorithm
config_get hash_algorithm "$1" hash_algorithm
config_get authentication_method "$1" authentication_method
config_get dh_group "$1" dh_group
echo " proposal {"
echo " lifetime time $lifetime sec;"
echo " encryption_algorithm $encryption_algorithm;"
echo " hash_algorithm $hash_algorithm;"
echo " authentication_method $authentication_method;"
echo " dh_group $dh_group;"
echo " }"
}
ConfigSA() {
local tunnel=`echo $2 | cut -d" " -f1` local sainfo=$1 local remote=`echo $2 | cut -d" " -f2` local local_subnet local local_nat local remote_subnet local p2_proposal local pfs_group local lifetime local encryption_algorithm local local authentication_algorithm config_get local_subnet "$sainfo" local_subnet config_get local_nat "$sainfo" local_nat "" config_get remote_subnet "$sainfo" remote_subnet config_get p2_proposal "$sainfo" p2_proposal config_get pfs_group "$p2_proposal" pfs_group config_get lifetime "$p2_proposal" lifetime 3600 config_get encryption_algorithm "$p2_proposal" encryption_algorithm config_get authentication_algorithm "$p2_proposal" authentication_algorithm "$local_nat" != "" && local_subnet=$local_nat if [ "$remote" = "$RoadWarriorRemote" ]; then let AnonSA=$AnonSA+1 fi $AnonSA -eq 1 && echo "sainfo anonymous {" if [ $AnonSA -eq 0 ]; then CreateSA $local_subnet $remote_subnet $remote echo "sainfo address $local_subnet any address $remote_subnet any {" fi if [ $AnonSA -lt 2 ]; then "$remote_device" != "asa" && echo " pfs_group $pfs_group;" echo " lifetime time $lifetime sec;" echo " encryption_algorithm $encryption_algorithm;" echo " authentication_algorithm $authentication_algorithm;" echo " compression_algorithm deflate;" echo "}" fi if [ $AnonSA -eq 1 ]; then echo "mode_cfg {" echo " auth_source system;" echo " conf_source local;" "$RoadWarriorDNS" != "" && echo " dns4 $RoadWarriorDNS;" "$RoadWarriorDomain" != "" && echo " default_domain \"$RoadWarriorDomain\";" RoadWarriorSubnet $remote_subnet fi if [ $AnonSA -gt 0 ]; then echo " split_network include $local_subnet;" fi
}
CertConfig() {
local val
local hash
for opt in key crt; do
config_get val "$1" "$opt" ""
if [ "$val" != "" ]; then
echo $val | sed "s/-\+[A-Z ]\+-\+/\n&\n/g" \
| sed "s/.\{50,50\}/&\n/g" \
| sed "/^$/d" > $CertificatePath/$1.$opt
chmod 600 $CertificatePath/$1.$opt
fi
done
hash=`openssl x509 -noout -hash -in $CertificatePath/$1.crt`
ln -s -f $CertificatePath/$1.crt $CertificatePath/$hash.0
}
CheckEnvironment() {
local prg
for prg in /usr/bin/openssl /usr/sbin/ip; do
if [ ! -x $prg ]; then
echo "Error! $prg missing. Exit now."
exit
fi
done
mkdir -m 0700 -p /var/racoon
mkdir -m 0700 -p $CertificatePath
}
start() {
local active=`ps | grep /usr/sbin/racoon | grep -v grep | wc -l` CheckEnvironment if [ $active -eq 0 -o "$1" = "force" ]; then rm $UserFile 2>/dev/null config_load users config_foreach UserConfig user fi config_load racoon if [ $active -ne 0 -a "$1" != "force" ]; then PSKFile=/dev/null ConfigFile=/dev/null else config_foreach CertConfig certificate echo "# auto generated by /etc/init.d/racoon" > $PSKFile chmod 600 $PSKFile fi config_foreach MainConfig racoon > $ConfigFile if [ $MainConfigDone -eq 0 ]; then MainConfig XXX > $ConfigFile fi echo "flush; spdflush;" | setkey -c config_foreach TunnelConfig tunnel >> $ConfigFile if [ $active -eq 0 ]; then /usr/sbin/racoon $CallParameters -f $ConfigFile elif [ "$1" = "force" ]; then racoonctl reload-config fi
}
stop() {
pid=`ps | grep /usr/sbin/racoon | grep -v grep | awk '{ print $1}'`
"$pid" != "" && kill $pid
echo "flush; spdflush;" | setkey -c
}
restart() {
start force
}
Before you start racoon with the web interface you should make a dry run from command line. Enable forground operation in /etc/config/racoon by setting option 'foreground' '1' in section racoon and call /etc/init.d/racoon start. This will show you if there are any errors in your generated configuration file /var/racoon/racoon.conf. Afterwards you can control startup behaviour with LuCI.
An automatic reload of security policies after a router reconnect is very helpful. Luckily pppd will call all scripts in /etc/ppp/ip-up.d after pppoe-wan is up again. Create a small script in this directory that calls the racoon init script. If it detects that racoon is running already it will only set the security policies.
- !/bin/sh
- /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/racoon
/etc/init.d/racoon start
Another way to reload racoon when the wan IP changes and we are not using ppp, is creating a script like this in /etc/hotplug.d/iface/35-racoon
- !/bin/sh
ListenInterface() {
local iface="$1" if [ "$INTERFACE" = "$iface" ]; then /etc/init.d/racoon restart fi
}
RacoonInstance() {
config_list_foreach "$1" listen ListenInterface
}
if [ "$ACTION" = "ifup" ]; then
config_load racoon config_foreach RacoonInstance racoon
fi
Hardware performance
In the times of broadband internet connections encryption and decryption speed of routers can limit throughput of VPN tunnels. CPU utilization maxes out at 100 percent and impacts other services of the device like a web server. If you really want to go with a self made IPsec VPN on a cheap router you should consider some facts
Older firewall devices with hardware accelerated VPN are sold for a few bucks on Ebay. Juniper Netscreen 5GT for example can easily reach a VPN throughput of 20 MBit/sec. Downside is that firmware updates are only possible with a Juniper support contract. So check twice for a bargain. Firewall devices are build to support IPsec out of the box. A convenient web interface helps the administrator to build a tunnel in a few seconds. OpenWrt still lacks a standard LuCI config panel. If you only go with 1-5 VPN tunnels this should be no concern to you.
To find the right OpenWrt hardware for your VPN you should have a look at the following benchmark table. It is build on a simple test without any claim of perfection. Nevertheless the numbers are quite close to what you can expect from an AES 128/256 bit encrypted IPsec Tunnel connection with standard kernel modules. You may notice that those numbers differ from what is written on the OpenSSL wiki page. But simply remember: The tests over there do not include network traffic. If you want to add a new device onto the list check the encrpytion throughput using the following prerequisites
Logon to a fast Linux machine Use a direct LAN connection to the router Ensure the router is idle Transfer 100 MB of data using ssh Calculate the speed from the elapsed time. Throughput = 800 / SecondsElapsed
ssh -2 -c aes128-cbc root@<router> time dd if=/dev/zero bs=500000 count=200 > /dev/null ssh -2 -c aes256-cbc root@<router> time dd if=/dev/zero bs=500000 count=200 > /dev/null
You can have a look at the realtime traffic graph in a dry run afterwards to verify the speed. But do not open it during your test because it invalidates the results. CPU MHz tested device AES128 (s) AES128 (MBit/s) AES256 (s) AES256 (MBit/s) MIPS 24k 680 D-Link DIR-825 Netgear WNDR3700 28.2 28.5 32.4 24.6 MIPS 24k 400 TP-Link TL-WR703N 47.7 16.5 56.1 14.2 MIPS R3000 125 Asus WL-500g 164.8 4.8 183.5 4.3 IPsec Tuning
If you use a default OpenWrt installation you will discover that using the SHA1 hashing function will hit VPN performance. If you go for raw throughput MD5 can be a helpful alternative. One may remark that MD5 is not very secure but for IPsec connections it should be enough as we are talking about hash values of encrypted data with a key that is changed every hour according to phase 2 proposals. A good tradeoff could be to choose AES256/SHA1 for phase 1 and AES128/MD5 for phase 2.
Read on if you have some time and want to enhance your VPN speed. The kernel IPsec architecture relies on different crypto providers. E.g. if you build a tunnel with SHA1 checksums you must hava a module that can calculate those values. A look at /proc/crypto will reveal what modules are loaded and which algorithms they provide. The standard Linux Kernel modules are far from being optimized. At least with kernel 3.2 someone has taken care of SHA1. Those of you that are on MIPS big endian machines can replace the default aes_generic.ko, sha_generic.ko, cbc.ko and md5.ko modules with a single assembler optimized mcespi.ko. Besides of being faster it has some nice characteristcs:
SHA1 calculation works on registers only A lot of memcpy operations have been removed from MD5 and AES. AES memory footprint is lowered from 16K to 8,2K Avoid little endian byte swapping in AES 21K module size in contrast to 4 modules with 45K
If you are on AR7161 you should ensure that you already have unaligned access patch 1 from trunk and the not yet implemented unaligned access patch 2. It will free CPU from handling unaligned access expections so that you can reach these results: OpenWrt Device AES256/SHA1 (MBit/s) AES128/SHA1 (MBit/s) AES128/MD5 (MBit/s) trunk + mcespi.ko MIPS 24K @ 680 MHz (AR7161) 37.5 42.4 47.6 10.03.1-rc6 MIPS 24K @ 680 MHz (AR7161) 18.0 19.6 30.3
The module is in early alpha development an the easyiest way to install it includes a few steps.
create a buildroot environment compile an image for your router once put the mcespi.c into the the folder build_dir/linux-<arch>/linux-<X.Y.Z>/crypto Include the line obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES) += mcespi.o into build_dir/linux-<arch>/linux-<X.Y.Z>/crypto/Makefile compile the image once again. Afterwards you will find build_dir/linux-<arch>/linux-<X.Y.Z>/crypto/mcespi.ko Put mcespi.ko to your router into /lib/modules/<X.Y.Z> Load the module with insmod For automatic loading create a new /etc/modules.d/09-crypto-mcespi with corresponding content.
If you are not on MIPS big endian but you have at least kernel 2.6.39 you can head for SHA1 performance optimization. Download sha_optimized.c and build it as a module. FIXME Ticket #10637 tries to implement that patch into trunk. At least on Atheros AR7161 platform and current trunk this leads to an oops. If you can help and find out why just put your feedback here or over there. Note: On current trunk the default kernel is 3.3 and sha_optimized.c does not have to be backported anymore.
mv 259-crypto_SHA1_3.2_backport.patch target/linux/generic/patches-XXX make target/linux/clean make world
OpenSSL Tuning
While talking about performance optimization there is also room for some improvement for non-VPN encrpytion scenarios. With newer versions of OpenSSL more and more assembler encryption and decryption routines are included. Check-in 21708 provides those for MIPS architecture and the 1.0.1 branch . Porting some of the assembler routines to OpenSSL 0.9.8p for ar71xx (Backfire 10.06.01-rc6) involves the following steps in the buildroot environment:
Remove build_dir/target_xxx/openssl-0.9.8p/*
Remove line OPENSSL_OPTIONS += no-perlasm from package/openssl/Makefile
Replace "${no_asm}" with ":::aes_cbc.o aes-mips.o:::::::" in file package/openssl/patches/110-optimize-for-size.patch. Do not use quotation marks and ensure that you include those 10 colons.
Start build process for first time with make package/openssl/compile V=99. This process will stop with an error.
Copy crypto/aes/asm/aes-mips.pl from OpenSLL 1.0.1 sources and store it into the newly created build_dir/target_xxx/openssl-0.9.8p/crypto/aes/asm folder.
Modify build_dir/target_xxx/openssl-0.9.8p/crypto/aes/Makefile and insert two lines (the second one starts with a tab)
aes-mips.s: asm/aes-mips.pl
$(PERL) asm/aes-mips.pl > $@
Restart build process with make package/openssl/compile V=99. It will complete without errors this time.
Copy build_dir/target_xxx/openssl-0.9.8p/libcrypto.so.0.9.8 to your router
Comparing benchmark numbers before and afterwards with openssl speed gives a speedup of about 8% for aes-128-cbc and about 5% for aes-256-cbc.