Chmod
Sumber: http://www.washington.edu/computing/unix/permissions.html
File dan directory di Unix mempunyai tiga (3) tipe ijin: read ("r"), write ("w"), dan execute ("x"). Setiap permission dapat di "on" atau "off" untuk masing-masing dari tiga (3) kategori dari pengguna:
- owner dari file / directory
- user lain dalam group yang sama dengan owner
- semua yang lain (user se dunia)
File
Untuk mengetahui mode (atau permission) dari sebuah file dapat menggunakan
ls -lg filename
Perintah ini akan membuat message kira-kira,
-rwxr-x--x 1 owner group 2300 Jul 14 14:38 filename
Penjelasan / cara membacanya:
- 10 karakter di kiri, menunjukan mode / permission.
- "-" karakter di paling awal menunjukan tipe file. "-" menunjukan file biasa. "d" menunjukan sebuah directory.
- karakter 2-4 menunjukan permission bagi owner, "r", "w" atau "x" menunjukan ijin yang bagi owner. "-" jika tidak diberi permission.
- karakter 5-7 menunjukan permission bagi group.
- karakter 8-10 menunjukan permission bagi yang lain (seluruh dunia).
- string ke dua menunjukan banyaknya link ke file tersebut
- string ke tiga menunjukan owner dari file
- string ke empat menunjukan group dari file
Untuk mengubah mode dari sebuah file dapat menggunakan chmod, secara umum adalah,
chmod X@Y file1 file2 ...
dimana
- X adalah huruf kombinasi dari "u" (untuk owner), "g" (untuk group), "o" (untuk others), "a" (untuk all; yaitu untuk "ugo")
- @ bisa berisi "+" untuk menambahkan permission, "-" untuk membuang permission, atau "=" untuk mengalokasikan absolut permission
- Y adalah kombinasi dari "r", "w", "x".
Contoh:
chmod u=rx file (Beri owner rx permission, tapi tidak w) chmod go-rwx file (Buang rwx permission untuk group, dan others) chmod g+w file (Beri write permission untuk group) chmod a+x file1 file2 (Beri execute permission ke everybody) chmod g+rx,o+x file (OK untuk combine menggunakan koma)
Directory
The permission scheme described above also applies to directories. For a directory, whoever has `read' permission can list files using the ls command (and thus discover what files are there); whoever has `write' permission can create and delete files in that directory; whoever has execute permission can access a file or subdirectory of known name. To find out the mode of a directory:
ls -dl dir ... Show permissions for
the named directory(ies)
ls -al dir ... Long list of all files
in named directory(ies)
(including those with names
starting in `.')
If no directories are specified, the listing is for all files in the current directory. The output will look something like:
drwx------12 fred 592 Jul 11 13:46 . drwxr-xr-x24 root 1424 Jul 10 13:07 ..
The initial `d' in the 10-character mode string indicates that the file is a directory. The file name `.' always refers to the current directory; the file name `..' always refers to the parent of the current directory. Thus, this output shows the permissions for the current directory and its parent.
Informasi Lanjut
Untuk membaca lebih lanjut bisa menggunakan man / user manual
man chmod man ls
A variable called `umask' is used as a permission mask for all newly created files and directories. Umask is a 3 digit octal number. The default umask is 022 = 000 010 010 binary. The two one bits prevent "group" and "other" write permission. So, a newly created file will have rwx permission for the owner, and rx permission for group and others. A umask of 077 = 000 111 111 would cause new files to have no permissions set for group and others. In order to use a umask other than the default, you should include the line `umask num' (where num is an octal number) in your .cshrc file. For more about umask, enter
man umask
Contoh
Kadang kita perlu mengcopy sebuah file dari directory seseorang. Bagaimana caranya agar kita dapat mengakses directory tersebut?
Suppose that user `joe' wants to copy the file `prog.f' from user `fred.' At the Unix prompt, Fred should type
chmod go+x ~
This command changes the mode of Fred's home directory (represented by the ~), giving permission to all users to get to files in that directory. Therefore, Joe can access any file, of which he knows the name, in Fred's home directory. Fred has told Joe that the file he wants is called `prog.f,' so now Joe types
cp ~fred/prog.f prog.f
If Joe had an existing file with the name `prog.f,' which he did not want overwritten by Fred's file, he could instead type
cp ~fred/prog.f prog2.f
If Joe receives a message from the system saying that he is denied permission to copy the file, Fred should make the file readable by others, changing its mode by entering
chmod go+r prog.f
If Joe wanted to copy several files from Fred's home directory, for example `prog.a,' `prog.b,' `prog.c,' and to give these files the same names in his own home directory, he would type
cp ~fred/prog.a ~fred/prog.b ~fred/prog.c .
The period (.) at the end of the command line specifies that the files are to be copied into Joe's current directory (which in this case is his home directory).
Once Joe has copied the files, Fred will probably want to change the mode of his home directory so that it is no longer accessible to the world at large. To do this, Fred should type
chmod go-rx ~
As you can see, a + sign used with `chmod' adds accessibility and a - sign takes it away. It is possible to use these features on directories of all levels and all files within those directories, individually or as a group. For detailed online information about the `chmod' command, enter
man chmod