Linux: find: manual
sumber: https://www.lifewire.com/find-linux-command-4092587
NAME
find - Cari file dalam hirarki direktori
locate(1L), locatedb(5L), updatedb(1L), xargs(1L)
SYNOPSIS
find [path...] [expression]
PENJELASAN
Halaman manual ini mendokumentasikan versi penemuan GNU. find melakukan pencarian pada pohon direktori yang berakar pada setiap nama file yang diberikan dengan mengevaluasi ekspresi yang diberikan dari kiri ke kanan, sesuai dengan aturan yang didahulukan (lihat bagian OPERATOR), sampai hasilnya diketahui (sisi kiri salah dan operasi, true untuk operasi or), pada saat mana menemukan pindah ke nama file berikutnya.
Argumen pertama yang dimulai dengan `- ',` (', `) ',`,', or `! ' Diambil untuk menjadi awal dari ungkapan; Setiap argumen sebelum itu adalah jalur untuk pencarian, dan argumen apapun setelah itu adalah sisa dari ekspresi. Jika tidak ada jalur yang diberikan, direktori saat ini digunakan. Jika tidak ada ekspresi yang diberikan, ekspresi `-print 'digunakan.
Keluaran find dengan status 0 jika semua file berhasil diproses, lebih besar dari 0 jika terjadi kesalahan.
EXPRESSION
Expression terdiri dari option (yang mempengaruhi keseluruhan operasi daripada pemrosesan file tertentu, dan selalu kembali true), test (yang mengembalikan nilai true atau false), dan action (yang memiliki efek samping dan mengembalikan true atau false), semuanya dipisahkan oleh operator. -and diasumsikan di mana operator dihilangkan. Jika ungkapan tidak mengandung action selain -prune, -print dilakukan pada semua file yang expression-nya true.
OPTIONS
Semua options selalu kembali true.
Mereka selalu berefek, bukan diproses hanya jika ekspresinya tercapai. Oleh karena itu, untuk kejelasan, yang terbaik adalah menempatkannya di awal expression.
-daystart Mengukur waktu (untuk -amin, -atime, -cmin, -ctime, -mmin, & -mtime) mulai dari awal hari ini dari pada dari 24 jam yang lalu.
-depth Proses setiap isi direktori sebelum direktori itu sendiri.
-follow Mereferensi Link simbolis. Berlaku -noleaf.
-help, --help Cetak ringkasan penggunaan baris perintah untuk find dan keluar.
-maxdepth levels Turunkan pada tingkat paling rendah (bilangan bulat non-negatif) dari direktori di bawah argumen baris perintah. "-maxdepth 0" berarti hanya menerapkan tes dan tindakan pada argumen baris perintah.
-mindepth levels Jangan menerapkan test atau action pada tingkat yang kurang dari tingkat (bilangan bulat non-negatif). "-mindepth 1" berarti memproses semua file kecuali argumen baris perintah.
-mount Jangan turunkan direktori pada filesystem lain. Nama alternatif untuk -xdev, untuk kompatibilitas dengan beberapa versi find lainnya.
-noleaf Jangan optimalkan dengan mengasumsikan bahwa direktori berisi lebih sedikit subdirektori daripada jumlah hard link-nya. Pilihan ini diperlukan saat mencari filesystem yang tidak mengikuti konvensi direktori-link Unix, seperti filesystem CD-ROM atau MS-DOS atau mount point AFS. Setiap direktori pada filesystem Unix normal memiliki setidaknya 2 hard link: namanya dan '.' Selain itu, subdirektorinya (jika ada) masing-masing memiliki entri '..' yang terhubung ke direktori tersebut. Saat menemukan adalah memeriksa sebuah direktori, setelah memasang subdirektori 2 lebih sedikit dari jumlah link direktori, ia mengetahui bahwa sisa entri dalam direktori adalah direktori non-direktori (file 'leaf' di pohon direktori). Jika hanya nama file yang perlu diperiksa, tidak perlu stat mereka; Hal ini memberikan peningkatan kecepatan pencarian yang signifikan.
-version, --version Print the find version number and exit.
-xdev Don't descend directories on other filesystems.
TESTS
Numeric arguments can be specified as
+n for greater than n,
-n for less than n,
n for exactly n.
-amin n File was last accessed n minutes ago.
-anewer file File was last accessed more recently than file was modified. -anewer is affected by -follow only if -follow comes before -anewer on the command line.
-atime n File was last accessed n*24 hours ago.
-cmin n File's status was last changed n minutes ago.
-cnewer file File's status was last changed more recently than file was modified. -cnewer is affected by -follow only if -follow comes before -cnewer on the command line.
-ctime n File's status was last changed n*24 hours ago.
-empty File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory.
-false Always false.
-fstype type File is on a filesystem of type type. The valid filesystem types vary among different versions of Unix; an incomplete list of filesystem types that are accepted on some version of Unix or another is: ufs, 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K. You can use -printf with the %F directive to see the types of your filesystems.
-gid n File's numeric group ID is n.
-group gname File belongs to group gname (numeric group ID allowed).
-ilname pattern Like -lname, but the match is case insensitive.
-iname pattern Like -name, but the match is case insensitive. For example, the patterns `fo*' and `F??' match the file names `Foo', `FOO', `foo', `fOo', etc.
-inum n File has inode number n.
-ipath pattern Like -path, but the match is case insensitive.
-iregex pattern Like -regex, but the match is case insensitive.
-links n File has n links.
-lname pattern File is a symbolic link whose contents match shell pattern pattern. The metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' specially.
-mmin n File's data was last modified n minutes ago.
-mtime n File's data was last modified n*24 hours ago.
-name pattern Base of file name (the path with the leading directories removed) matches shell patternpattern. The metacharacters (`*', `?', and `[]') do not match a `.' at the start of the base name. To ignore a directory and the files under it, use -prune; see an example in the description of -path.
-newer file File was modified more recently than file. -newer is affected by -follow only if -follow comes before -newer on the command line.
-nouser No user corresponds to file's numeric user ID.
-nogroup No group corresponds to file's numeric group ID.
-path pattern
File name matches shell pattern pattern. The metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' specially; so, for example,
find . -path './sr*sc'
will print an entry for a directory called './src/misc' (if one exists). To ignore a whole directory tree, use -prune rather than checking every file in the tree. For example, to skip the directory `src/emacs' and all files and directories under it, and print the names of the other files found, do something like this:
find . -path './src/emacs' -prune -o -print
-perm mode File's permission bits are exactly mode (octal or symbolic). Symbolic modes use mode 0 as a point of departure.
-perm -mode All of the permission bits mode are set for the file.
-perm +mode Any of the permission bits mode are set for the file.
-regex pattern File name matches regular expression pattern. This is a match on the whole path, not a search. For example, to match a file named `./fubar3', you can use the regular expression `.*bar.' or `.*b.*3', but not `b.*r3'.
-size n[bckw] File uses n units of space. The units are 512-byte blocks by default or if `b' follows n, bytes if `c' follows n, kilobytes if `k' follows n, or 2-byte words if `w' follows n. The size does not count indirect blocks, but it does count blocks in sparse files that are not actually allocated.
-true Always true.
-type c File is of type c:
b block (buffered) special
c character (unbuffered) special
d directory
p named pipe (FIFO)
f regular file
l symbolic link
s socket
D door (Solaris)
-uid n File's numeric user ID is n.
-used n File was last accessed n days after its status was last changed.
-user uname File is owned by user uname (numeric user ID allowed).
-xtype c The same as -type unless the file is a symbolic link. For symbolic links: if -follow has not been given, true if the file is a link to a file of type c; if -follow has been given, true if c is `l'. In other words, for symbolic links, -xtype checks the type of the file that -type does not check.
ACTIONS
-exec command ;
Execute command; true if 0 status is returned. All following arguments to find are taken to be arguments to the command until an argument consisting of `;' is encountered. The string `{}' is replaced by the current file name being processed everywhere it occurs in the arguments to the command, not just in arguments where it is alone, as in some versions of find. Both of these constructions might need to be escaped (with a `\') or quoted to protect them from expansion by the shell. The command is executed in the starting directory.
-fls file
True; like -ls but write to file like -fprint.
-fprint file
True; print the full file name into file file. If file does not exist when find is run, it is created; if it does exist, it is truncated. The file names ``/dev/stdout and ``/dev/stderr are handled specially; they refer to the standard output and standard error output, respectively.
-fprint0 file
True; like -print0 but write to file like -fprint.
-fprintf file format
True; like -printf but write to file like -fprint.
-ok command ;
Like -exec but ask the user first (on the standard input); if the response does not start with `y' or `Y', do not run the command, and return false.
True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a newline.
-print0
True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a null character. This allows file names that contain newlines to be correctly interpreted by programs that process the find output.
-printf format
True; print format on the standard output, interpreting `\' escapes and `%' directives. Field widths and precisions can be specified as with the `printf' C function. Unlike -print, -printf does not add a newline at the end of the string. The escapes and directives are:
\a
Alarm bell.
\b
Backspace.
\c
Stop printing from this format immediately and flush the output.
\f
Form feed.
\n
Newline.
\r
Carriage return.
\t
Horizontal tab.
\v
Vertical tab.
\\
A literal backslash (`\').
\NNN
The character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal).
A `\' character followed by any other character is treated as an ordinary character, so they both are printed.
%%
A literal percent sign.
%a
File's last access time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function.
%Ak
File's last access time in the format specified by k, which is either `@' or a directive for the C `strftime' function. The possible values for k are listed below; some of them might not be available on all systems, due to differences in `strftime' between systems.
@
seconds since Jan. 1, 1970, 00:00 GMT.
Time fields:
H
hour (00..23)
I
hour (01..12)
k
hour ( 0..23)
l
hour ( 1..12)
M
minute (00..59)
p
locale's AM or PM
r
time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
S
second (00..61)
T
time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)
X
locale's time representation (H:M:S)
Z
time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable
Date fields:
a
locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)
A
locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sunday..Saturday)
b
locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)
B
locale's full month name, variable length (January..December)
c
locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989)
d
day of month (01..31)
D
date (mm/dd/yy)
h
same as b
j
day of year (001..366)
m
month (01..12)
U
week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
w
day of week (0..6)
W
week number of year with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
x
locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy)
y
last two digits of year (00..99)
Y
year (1970...)
%b
File's size in 512-byte blocks (rounded up).
%c
File's last status change time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function.
%Ck
File's last status change time in the format specified by k, which is the same as for %A.
%d
File's depth in the directory tree; 0 means the file is a command line argument.
%f
File's name with any leading directories removed (only the last element).
%F
Type of the filesystem the file is on; this value can be used for -fstype.
%g
File's group name, or numeric group ID if the group has no name.
%G
File's numeric group ID.
%h
Leading directories of file's name (all but the last element).
%H
Command line argument under which file was found.
%i
File's inode number (in decimal).
%k
File's size in 1K blocks (rounded up).
%l
Object of symbolic link (empty string if file is not a symbolic link).
%m
File's permission bits (in octal).
%n
Number of hard links to file.
%p
File's name.
%P
File's name with the name of the command line argument under which it was found removed.
%s
File's size in bytes.
%t
File's last modification time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function.
%Tk
File's last modification time in the format specified by k, which is the same as for %A.
%u
File's user name, or numeric user ID if the user has no name.
%U
File's numeric user ID.
A `%' character followed by any other character is discarded (but the other character is printed).
-prune
If -depth is not given, true; do not descend the current directory. If -depth is given, false; no effect.
-ls
True; list current file in `ls -dils' format on standard output. The block counts are of 1K blocks, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks are used.
OPERATORS
Listed in order of decreasing precedence:
( expr )
Force precedence.
! expr
True if expr is false.
-not expr
Same as ! expr.
expr1 expr2
And (implied); expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is false.
expr1 -a expr2
Same as expr1 expr2.
expr1 -and expr2
Same as expr1 expr2.
expr1 -o expr2
Or; expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is true.
expr1 -or expr2
Same as expr1 -o expr2.
expr1 , expr2
List; both expr1 and expr2 are always evaluated. The value of expr1 is discarded; the value of the list is the value of expr2.
EXAMPLES
find /home -user joe
Find every file under the directory /home owned by the user joe.
find /usr -name *stat
Find every file under the directory /usr ending in ".stat".
find /var/spool -mtime +60
Find every file under the directory /var/spool that was modified more than 60 days ago.
find /tmp -name core -type f -print | xargs /bin/rm -f
Find files named core in or below the directory /tmp and delete them. Note that this will work incorrectly if there are any filenames containing newlines, single or double quotes, or spaces.
find /tmp -name core -type f -print0 | xargs -0 /bin/rm -f
Find files named core in or below the directory /tmp and delete them, processing filenames in such a way that file or directory names containing single or double quotes, spaces or newlines are correctly handled. The -name test comes before the -type test in order to avoid having to call stat(2) on every file.
find . -type f -exec file '{}' \;
Runs `file' on every file in or below the current directory. Notice that the braces are enclosed in single quote marks to protect them from interpretation as shell script punctuation. The semicolon is similarly protected by the use of a backslash, though ';' could have been used in that case also.
find / \( -perm -4000 -fprintf /root/suid.txt '%#m %u %p\n' \) , \
\( -size +100M -fprintf /root/big.txt '%-10s %p\n' \)
Traverse the filesystem just once, listing setuid files and directories into /root/suid.txt and large files into /root/big.txt.
find $HOME -mtime 0
Search for files in your home directory which have been modified in the last twenty-four hours. This command works this way because the time since each file was last modified is divided by 24 hours and any remainder is discarded. That means that to match -mtime
0, a file will have to have a modification in the past which is less than 24 hours ago.
find . -perm 664
Search for files which have read and write permission for their owner, and group, but which other users can read but not write to. Files which meet these criteria but have other permissions bits set (for example if someone can execute the file) will not be matched.
find . -perm -664
Search for files which have read and write permission for their owner and group, and which other users can read, without regard to the presence of any extra permission bits (for example the executable bit). This will match a file which has mode 0777, for example.
find . -perm /222
Search for files which are writable by somebody (their owner, or their group, or anybody else).
find . -perm /220 find . -perm /u+w,g+w find . -perm /u=w,g=w
All three of these commands do the same thing, but the first one uses the octal representation of the file mode, and the other two use the symbolic form. These commands all search for files which are writable by either their owner or their group. The files don't have to be writable by both the owner and group to be matched; either will do.
find . -perm -220 find . -perm -g+w,u+w
Both these commands do the same thing; search for files which are writable by both their owner and their group.
find . -perm -444 -perm /222 ! -perm /111 find . -perm -a+r -perm /a+w ! -perm /a+x
These two commands both search for files that are readable for everybody (-perm -444 or -perm -a+r), have at least on write bit set (-perm /222 or -perm /a+w) but are not executable for anybody (! -perm /111 and ! -perm /a+x respectively)
Important: Use the man command (% man) to see how a command is used on your particular computer.