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Revision as of 11:24, 21 December 2018
Sumber: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-configure-basic-ospf/
Open shortest path first, or OSPF, is a routing protocol that's based on open standards, meaning any vendor can implement its features. For years Cisco, Juniper, and other major networking vendors have coupled OSPF into their platform. When you configure OSPF, there are a few fundamental requirements in order to exchange routing information. To begin with, OSPF uses a Hello mechanism to detect neighboring devices that run OSPF. Once detected OSPF attempts to form an adjacency. Once an adjacency is established Link-State Advertisements (LSA) are used to exchange routing information.
The Hello packet is one of the first things you should have a solid understanding of. The following image shows the format of a Hello packet: 1.jpg Image: Brandon Carroll/TechRepublic
This packet is used by the Hello protocol, which is responsible for establishing and maintaining neighbor relationships. The Hello protocol also ensures that communication between neighbors is bidirectional. These packets get sent out of an interface where OSPF is enabled on a periodic basis. If a router receives a packet and sees its own address listed it knows that bidirectional communication exists. Once bidirectional communication is established a Designated Router (DR) is selected if on a multiaccess network. We're not going to cover that process in this article, however we highlight it because it's an integral part of OSPF. After two devices neighbor up, they synchronize Link-State databases.
SEE: 20 quick tips to make Linux networking easier
To configure basic OSPF to form a neighbor adjacency on a Cisco router perform the following:
Identify the network interfaces that should run OSPF. Identify the OSPF area Issue the required commands to enable OSPF
Let's assume the following topology in which we are using OSPF area 5 and ABR5 and R5 are pre-configured for us. We need to enable OSPF on R6. 2.jpg Image: Brandon Carroll/TechRepublic
Start by entering OSPF configuration mode. You'll need to identify OSPF by a process ID. In this case, it's 1.
R6>en R6#conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. R6(config)#router ospf 1 R6(config-router)#
Next, issue the network statement for each interface that should run OSPF. According to our network topology we will enable OSPF on interface g0/1 and g0/2. The network statement format is as follows:
network X.X.X.X W.W.W.W area A
In this syntax, the X.X.X.X indicates the network address. The W.W.W.W is the wildcard mask. The A is the area ID.
R6(config-router)#network 10.0.0.80 0.0.0.3 area 5 R6(config-router)#network 10.0.0.84 0.0.0.3 area 5 R6(config-router)#
A simple way to identify the wildcard mask is to subtract the subnet mask in the last octet from 255. In this case 255 - 252 - 3 so our wildcard mask is going to end in .3.
We now need to verify that OSPF has neighbored up and synchronized databases. To do so, issue the show ip ospf neighbors command.
R6#sh ip ospf neighbor
` Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface` 192.168.0.10 1 FULL/DR 00:00:35 10.0.0.85 GigabitEthernet0/2` 192.168.0.9 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:31 10.0.0.81 GigabitEthernet0/1` R6#`
As we can tell from the output, we have two neighbors. The Neighbor ID is not the IP address that we neighbored with. It's the Router ID selected by OSPF when the protocol was enabled. This can be chosen automatically or you can manually set this value.
Next let's look at our Link-State Database on R6.
R6#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (10.0.0.86) (Process ID 1) Router Link States (Area 5) Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count 10.0.0.86 10.0.0.86 164 0x80000003 0x00EFF7 2 192.168.0.9 192.168.0.9 165 0x80000006 0x00A12F 2 192.168.0.10 192.168.0.10 229 0x80000006 0x00CC76 3 Net Link States (Area 5) Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum 10.0.0.78 192.168.0.10 1598 0x80000004 0x004B3D 10.0.0.82 10.0.0.86 164 0x80000001 0x00C7E5 10.0.0.85 192.168.0.10 229 0x80000001 0x008313 Summary Net Link States (Area 5) Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum 10.0.0.4 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x00A217 10.0.0.8 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x007046 10.0.0.12 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x00486A 10.0.0.16 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x00208E 10.0.0.20 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x00F7B2 10.0.0.24 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x00C5E1 10.0.0.28 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x00A7FA 10.0.0.32 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x007F1F 10.0.0.36 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x005743 10.0.0.40 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x002572 10.0.0.44 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x00078B 10.0.0.48 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x00DEAF 10.0.0.52 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000005 0x00B4D4 10.0.0.56 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x008EF7 10.0.0.60 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x007011 10.0.0.64 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x00344B 10.0.0.68 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000005 0x001465 10.0.0.72 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x00E393 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x0099C1 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x0099BF 192.168.0.3 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x008FC8 192.168.0.4 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x007BDC 192.168.0.5 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x0071E5 192.168.0.6 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x0071E3 192.168.0.8 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000005 0x005102 192.168.0.9 192.168.0.9 1630 0x80000004 0x003F15 R6#
Comparing database with R5, specifically the sequence numbers, we can see that we are synchronized:
R5#sh ip ospf database OSPF Router with ID (192.168.0.10) (Process ID 1) Router Link States (Area 5) Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count 10.0.0.86 10.0.0.86 193 0x80000003 0x00EFF7 2 192.168.0.9 192.168.0.9 194 0x80000006 0x00A12F 2 192.168.0.10 192.168.0.10 257 0x80000006 0x00CC76 3 Net Link States (Area 5) Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum 10.0.0.78 192.168.0.10 1626 0x80000004 0x004B3D 10.0.0.82 10.0.0.86 193 0x80000001 0x00C7E5 10.0.0.85 192.168.0.10 257 0x80000001 0x008313 Summary Net Link States (Area 5) Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum 10.0.0.4 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x00A217 10.0.0.8 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x007046 10.0.0.12 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x00486A 10.0.0.16 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x00208E 10.0.0.20 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x00F7B2 10.0.0.24 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x00C5E1 10.0.0.28 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x00A7FA 10.0.0.32 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x007F1F 10.0.0.36 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x005743 10.0.0.40 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x002572 10.0.0.44 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x00078B 10.0.0.48 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x00DEAF 10.0.0.52 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000005 0x00B4D4 10.0.0.56 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x008EF7 10.0.0.60 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x007011 10.0.0.64 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x00344B 10.0.0.68 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000005 0x001465 10.0.0.72 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x00E393 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x0099C1 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x0099BF 192.168.0.3 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x008FC8 192.168.0.4 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x007BDC 192.168.0.5 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x0071E5 192.168.0.6 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x0071E3 192.168.0.8 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000005 0x005102 192.168.0.9 192.168.0.9 1658 0x80000004 0x003F15
Finally, let's look to see if we have OSPF routes populating our routing table on R6:
R6#show ip route Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP a - application route replicated route, % - next hop override, p - overrides from PfR Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 23 subnets, 2 masks O IA 10.0.0.4/30 [110/4] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.8/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.12/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.16/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.20/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.24/30 [110/2] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.28/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.32/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.36/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.40/30 [110/2] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.44/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.48/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.52/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.56/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.60/30 [110/4] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.64/30 [110/2] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.68/30 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 10.0.0.72/30 [110/2] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O 10.0.0.76/30 [110/2] via 10.0.0.85, 00:06:30, GigabitEthernet0/2 [110/2] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 C 10.0.0.80/30 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1 L 10.0.0.82/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1 C 10.0.0.84/30 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2 L 10.0.0.86/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2 192.168.0.0/32 is subnetted, 9 subnets O IA 192.168.0.1 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 192.168.0.2 [110/4] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 192.168.0.3 [110/4] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 192.168.0.4 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 192.168.0.5 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 192.168.0.6 [110/4] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 192.168.0.8 [110/3] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O IA 192.168.0.9 [110/2] via 10.0.0.81, 00:05:24, GigabitEthernet0/1 O 192.168.0.10 [110/2] via 10.0.0.85, 00:06:30, GigabitEthernet0/2 R6#
As you can tell, we are receiving OSPF routes. In fact, we are receiving more routes to destinations that we don't see in our topology. This is because we are only focusing on a small part of the topology. What we don't see is that ABR5 is connected to several other routers forming a backbone and exchanging routes between other areas. This obviously leads to more questions about OSPF, however, as it stands we have configured basic OSPF and can now route traffic on R6.
Referensi