TCP/IP: Quagga BGP

1. CASE PRINCIPLE

Some words about BGP.

This tutorial is dedicated to the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) dynamic routing protocol, for which the fourth and last version of BGP has been released in 1994.

BGP is mainly used by Service providers to perform the routing inside the Internet or to provide connectivity between the remote sites of a company with technologies like MPLS.

BGP is not scalable for a small to medium environment (up to 100 routers) because of its slow convergence time compared to the RIP or OSFP routing protocol. At the same time it can be very complex to configure and needs powerful (and very expensive) hardware to be run comfortably. This is why BGP should normally only be used by service providers or companies with a very large number of routers.

To give an example, in July 2007 more than 200'000 BGP entries were found on an internet router and are growing each day. Because of this high number of routes, the variation of the routing table will require a lot of resources and, as a consequence, the hardware must be very powerful. Cisco Systems (with its 12000 series routers) and Juniper share this lucrative market. For private networks, it is also possible to use BGP on "smaller" routers like the Cisco 7200 or 3800 series routers. Of course, Quagga supported by a good appliance can be comfortable in these environments too.

Two major BGP strong points are:

• se of TCP. BGP communicates with the other BGP routers (called peers) through TCP which is the most reliable protocol.
• The notion of Autonomous System (AS). It is a group of IP networks under common administration and common routing policies. It is composed of a variable number of BGP routers.

We will give in the tables below some key points to compare BGP with two other well known routing protocols, OSPF and RIP, as well as some explanations about the BGP best path selection.

Browse the web or buy a good book to find more details about this complex routing protocol.

Routing protocols comparison:

 	RIP 	OSPF 	BGP

Version: v2 v2 v4 RFC: 2453 2328 1771 Date: 1998 1998 1994

IGP - EGP: (1) IGP IGP EGP Type: Distance vector Link state Path vector Algorithm: Bellman-Ford Dijkstra Best Path Selection

Convergence: (2) Medium Fast Slow Administrative distance: 120 110 20 OSI level / port: UDP / 520 IP / 89 TCP / 179

Configuration complexity: Easy Medium Hard to very hard Routing granularity: Router Router Autonomous System (3) Scalable for: < 100 routers < 100 routers > 100 routers Resource consumption: Low Low to Medium High (1)

(2)

(3)

 	IGP stands for Interior Gateway Protocols, EGP for Exterior Gateway Protocols.

EGPs are used between independent administrative entities, often called autonomous systems and IGPs are used inside them. Convergence time: time needed for the routers to update their routing table after a change in the network topology. When several paths are available for a specific network, BGP choose the route crossing the smallest number of autonomous systems. BGP path selection process:

The BGP path selection process is used if there are several routes available for a network. You can see it with the "show ip bgp" command. This command must not be confounded with the "show ip route" command where only the best routes are displayed on the screen.

To get full details, you can read the Cisco webpage about the BGP path selection process. Click on an attribute name to get an example.

 	ATTRIBUTE NAME 	PREFERENCE 	VALUE TRANSMISSION 	DESCRIPTION

1. Weight (a) Highest Local to router Cisco & Quagga specific 2. Local Preference Highest Global within AS How to exit the AS if multiple paths 3. Path Shortest 4. Origin Code Lowest IGP or "i" < EGP or "e" < Incomplete or "?" (b) 5. MED (Metric) Lowest Transmitted to the neighbors AS only (a) (b) By default, a directly connected route takes a weight of 32768. An origin code of incomplete is due to route redistribution into BGP. Case study principle

Here are the functionalities we will test in our BGP scenario:

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-

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 	EBGP (external BGP): BGP between the autonomous systems.

EBGP is running between Cisco 3750 L3 and Cisco 2651 A, Cisco 2651 A and Quagga B, Quagga B and Cisco 2651 C, Cisco 2651 and Quagga A.

IBGP (Internal BGP): BGP inside an AS. IBGP is running between Cisco 3750 L3 and Quagga A.

BGP to OSPF redistribution: On Cisco 3750 L3: BGP routes are injected into OSPF with a metric of 1000 and tagged as OE1. On Quagga A: BGP routes are injected into OSPF with a metric of 2000 and tagged as OE2 (default).

OSPF to BGP redistribution: On Cisco 3750 L3 and Quagga A, the OSPF networks are injected into BGP with the default values.

Local Preference: Cisco 3750 L3 is the preferred router to exit AS 65001 Customized local preferences are applied through route maps to the BGP incoming routes on Cisco 3750 L3 (333) and Quagga A (222).

MED. Quagga B will prefer the path via AS 65003 rather than AS 65004 to reach AS 65001. Customized MEDs are applied through route maps to the outgoing BGP routes towards AS 65005 on Cisco 2651 B (55) and Cisco 2651 C (99).

2. PICTURE

vyatta cisco case study BGP Functionalities tested:

(click on the web links to have more details about a protocol)

Interface settings OSPF - backbone area BGP Redistr. - BGP to OSPF Redistr. - OSPF to BGP Telnet access

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3. CONFIGURATIONS

You must set your Linux system correctly to launch Quagga successfully. See the Quagga tutorial for help about this. LINUX CONFIGURATIONS

Check that the zebra, ospfd and bgpd daemons are activated on Quagga A:

#vim /etc/quagga/daemons
zebra=yes
bgpd=yes
ospfd=yes
ospf6d=no
ripd=no
ripngd=no
isisd=no

Check that the zebra and bgpd daemons are activated on Quagga B:

#vim /etc/quagga/daemons
zebra=yes
bgpd=yes
ospfd=no
ospf6d=no
ripd=no
ripngd=no
isisd=no

If you changed your daemons files, restart the quagga service:

#vim /etc/init.d/quagga restart

Set the Quagga A hostname in the /etc/quagga/vtysh.conf file:

#vim /etc/quagga/vtysh.conf

!
! Sample
!
! service integrated-vtysh-config
hostname Quagga_A
username root nopassword
!

Set the Quagga B hostname in the /etc/quagga/vtysh.conf file:

#vim /etc/quagga/vtysh.conf

!
! Sample
!
! service integrated-vtysh-config
hostname Quagga_B
username root nopassword
!

Don't forget to activate the ip forwarding on the Quagga A and Quagga B routers!

ROUTERS CONFIGURATIONS

ROUTER 2651 A IOS: 12.2-23a See the entire configuration

interface FastEthernet0/1
  ip address 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown 	
interface FastEthernet0/0
  ip address 10.0.1.99 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown 	
interface Loopback 1
  ip address 50.0.1.99 255.255.255.255 	
Cisco_2651_A 	
router ospf 1
  network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
  network 10.0.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
  network 50.0.1.99 0.0.0.0 area 0 	
line vty 0 4
  no login

enable secret password 	

SWITCH L3 3750 IOS: 12.2-25.SEE2 See the entire configuration

QUAGGA A 0.99.6 See the entire configuration

interface vlan 1
  ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown
interface FastEthernet1/0/1
  switchport access vlan 1 	interface eth0
  ip address 10.0.2.2/24
  link-detect

interface vlan 2
  ip address 100.0.1.1 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown
interface FastEthernet1/0/2
  switchport access vlan 2 	interface eth1
  ip address 100.0.2.2/24
  link-detect

interface Loopback 1
  ip address 50.0.1.1 255.255.255.255
  	interface lo
  ip address 50.0.1.2/32
  link-detect
hostname Cisco_3750_L3 	
router ospf 1
  redistribute connected metric 1000
  metric-type 1 subnets
  redistribute bgp 65001 metric 1000
  metric-type 1 subnets
  network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 	router ospf
  redistribute connected metric 2000
 
  redistribute bgp metric 2000

  network 10.0.2.0/24 area 0.0.0.0

router bgp 65001
  no synchronization
  bgp router-id 50.0.1.1
  network 50.0.1.1 mask 255.255.255.255
  redistribute connected
  redistribute ospf 1
  neighbor 10.0.2.2 remote-as 65001
  neighbor 100.0.1.3 remote-as 65003
  neighbor 100.0.1.3 route-map r2 in
  no auto-summary
	bgp config-type cisco
router bgp 65001
  no synchronization
  bgp router-id 50.0.1.2
  network 50.0.1.2 mask 255.255.255.255
  redistribute connected
  redistribute ospf
  neighbor 10.0.1.1 remote-as 65001
  neighbor 100.0.2.4 remote-as 65004
  neighbor 100.0.2.4 route-map r2 in
  no auto-summary
route-map r2 permit 10
  set local-preference 333 	route-map r2 permit 10
  set local-preference 222
line vty 0 4
  no login
	line vty
  no login
enable secret password
  	enable password password

ip routing
ip multicast-routing distributed 	

ROUTER 2651 B IOS: 12.2-23a See the entire configuration

QUAGGA B 0.99.6 See the entire configuration

interface FastEthernet0/0
  ip address 100.0.1.3 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown 	interface eth0
  ip address 200.0.1.5/24
  link-detect
interface FastEthernet0/1
  ip address 200.0.1.3 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown 	interface eth1
  ip address 200.0.2.5/24
  link-detect
interface Loopback 1
  ip address 50.0.1.3 255.255.255.255
  	interface lo
  ip address 50.0.1.5/32
  link-detect
hostname Cisco_2651_B 	
router bgp 65003
  bgp router-id 50.0.1.3
  network 50.0.1.3 mask 255.255.255.255
  redistribute connected
  neighbor 100.0.1.1 remote-as 65001
  neighbor 200.0.1.5 remote-as 65005
  neighbor 200.0.1.5 route-map r3 out
  no auto-summary 	router bgp 65005
  bgp router-id 50.0.1.5
  network 50.0.1.5 mask 255.255.255.255
  redistribute connected
  neighbor 200.0.1.3 remote-as 65003
  neighbor 200.0.2.4 remote-as 65004

  no auto-summary  
route-map r3 permit 10
  set metric 55 	
line vty 0 4
  no login
	line vty
  no login
enable secret password 	enable password password

ROUTER 2651 C IOS: 12.2-23a See the entire configuration

interface FastEthernet0/0
  ip address 100.0.2.4 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown 	
interface FastEthernet0/1
  ip address 200.0.2.4 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown 	
interface Loopback 1
  ip address 50.0.1.4 255.255.255.255 	
router bgp 65004
  bgp router-id 50.0.1.4
  network 50.0.1.4 mask 255.255.255.255
  redistribute connected
  neighbor 100.0.2.2 remote-as 65001
  neighbor 200.0.2.5 remote-as 65005
  neighbor 200.0.2.5 route-map r99 out
  no auto-summary 	
hostname Cisco_2651_C 	
route-map r99 permit 10
  set metric 99 	
line vty 0 4
  no login

enable secret password 	

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4. SHOW COMMANDS

CISCO 2651 A CISCO 3750 L3 QUAGGA A CISCO 2651 B QUAGGA B CISCO 2651 C CISCO 2651 A

Cisco_2651_A#show ip int brief

Interface 	IP-Address 	OK? 	Method 	Status 	Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 	10.0.1.99 	YES 	NVRAM 	up 	up
FastEthernet0/1 	10.0.2.99 	YES 	NVRAM 	up 	up
Loopback1 	50.0.1.99 	YES 	NVRAM 	up 	up

Cisco_2651_A#show ip route

Codes: 	  	C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  	  	  	D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  	  	  	N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  	  	  	E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  	  	  	i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
  	  	  	ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
  	  	  	o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
  	  	  	 

Gateway of last resort is not set

  	  	50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 6 subnets
O 	E1 	  	50.0.1.3 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:37:09, FastEthernet0/0
O 	E2 	  	50.0.1.2 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, 00:37:15, FastEthernet0/1
O 	E1 	  	50.0.1.1 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:37:15, FastEthernet0/0
O 	E1 	  	50.0.1.5 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:36:22, FastEthernet0/0
O 	E1 	  	50.0.1.4 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:35:56, FastEthernet0/0
C 	  	  	50.0.1.99 is directly connected, Loopback1
  	  	100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 	E1 	  	100.0.1.0 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:37:15, FastEthernet0/0
O 	E2 	  	100.0.2.0 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, 00:12:48, FastEthernet0/1
O 	E1 	200.0.1.0/24 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:37:09, FastEthernet0/0
O 	E1 	200.0.2.0/24 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:36:22, FastEthernet0/0
  	  	10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 	  	  	10.0.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
C 	  	  	10.0.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Cisco_2651_A#show ip ospf database

  	OSPF Router with ID (50.0.1.99) (Process ID 1)
  	  	 
  	  	Router Link States (Area 0)
  	  	  	  	  	  	 
Link ID 	  	ADV Router 	Age 	Seq# 	Checksum 	Link count
50.0.1.1 	  	50.0.1.1 	357 	0x80000004 	0x003417 	1
50.0.1.2 	  	50.0.1.2 	555 	0x80000004 	0x00CC90 	1
50.0.1.99 	  	50.0.1.99 	404 	0x80000005 	0x00236B 	3
  	  	  	  	  	  	 
  	  	Net Link States (Area 0)
  	  	  	  	  	  	 
Link ID 	  	ADV Router 	Age 	Seq# 	Checksum 	 
10.0.1.99 	  	50.0.1.99 	404 	0x80000002 	0x009CCC 	 
10.0.2.99 	  	50.0.1.99 	404 	0x80000002 	0x009FC7 	 
  	  	  	  	  	  	 
  	  	Type-5 AS External Link States
  	  	  	  	  	  	 
Link ID 	  	ADV Router 	Age 	Seq# 	Checksum 	Tag
50.0.1.1 	  	50.0.1.1 	357 	0x80000002 	0x005B84 	0
50.0.1.2 	  	50.0.1.2 	502 	0x80000003 	0x00C3CA 	0
50.0.1.3 	  	50.0.1.1 	357 	0x80000002 	0x00BB38 	65003
50.0.1.4 	  	50.0.1.1 	357 	0x80000002 	0x00B141 	65003
50.0.1.5 	  	50.0.1.1 	357 	0x80000002 	0x00A74A 	65003
100.0.1.0 	  	50.0.1.1 	357 	0x80000002 	0x00D8D5 	0
100.0.2.0 	  	50.0.1.2 	834 	0x80000001 	0x00441B 	0
200.0.1.0 	  	50.0.1.1 	357 	0x80000002 	0x00342C 	65003
200.0.2.0 	  	50.0.1.1 	357 	0x80000002 	0x002936 	65003

CISCO 3750 L3

Cisco_3750_L3#show ip int brief

Interface 	IP-Address 	OK? 	Method 	Status 	Protocol
Vlan1 	10.0.1.1 	YES 	NVRAM 	up 	up
Vlan2 	100.0.1.1 	YES 	NVRAM 	up 	up
FastEthernet1/0/1 	unassigned 	YES 	NVRAM 	up 	up
FastEthernet1/0/2 	unassigned 	YES 	NVRAM 	up 	up
... 	... 	... 	... 	... 	...
Loopback1 	50.0.1.1 	YES 	NVRAM 	up 	up

Cisco_3750_L3#show ip route

Codes: 	  	C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
  	  	  	D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
  	  	  	N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
  	  	  	E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
  	  	  	i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
  	  	  	ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
  	  	  	o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 	  	  	 

Gateway of last resort is not set

 	  	50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 6 subnets

B 50.0.1.3 [20/0] via 100.0.1.3, 00:41:15 O E2 50.0.1.2 [110/2000] via 10.0.1.99, 00:41:20, Vlan1 C 50.0.1.1 is directly connected, Loopback1 B 50.0.1.5 [20/0] via 100.0.1.3, 00:40:27 B 50.0.1.4 [20/0] via 100.0.1.3, 00:40:01 O 50.0.1.99 [110/2] via 10.0.1.99, 00:41:20, Vlan1

 	  	100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C 100.0.1.0 is directly connected, Vlan2 O E2 100.0.2.0 [110/2000] via 10.0.1.99, 00:16:53, Vlan1 B 200.0.1.0/24 [20/0] via 100.0.1.3, 00:41:15 B 200.0.2.0/24 [20/0] via 100.0.1.3, 00:40:27

 	  	10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

O 10.0.2.0 [110/2] via 10.0.1.99, 00:41:20, Vlan1 C 10.0.1.0 is directly connected, Vlan1 Cisco_3750_L3#show ip ospf database

 	OSPF Router with ID (50.0.1.1) (Process ID 1)
 	  	 
 	  	Router Link States (Area 0)
 	  	  	  	  	  	 

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count 50.0.1.1 50.0.1.1 631 0x80000004 0x003417 1 50.0.1.2 50.0.1.2 832 0x80000004 0x00CC90 1 50.0.1.99 50.0.1.99 680 0x80000005 0x00236B 3

 	  	Net Link States (Area 0)
 	  	  	  	  	  	 

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum 10.0.1.99 50.0.1.99 680 0x80000002 0x009CCC 10.0.2.99 50.0.1.99 680 0x80000002 0x009FC7

 	  	Type-5 AS External Link States
 	  	  	  	  	  	 

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag 50.0.1.1 50.0.1.1 631 0x80000002 0x005B84 0 50.0.1.2 50.0.1.2 779 0x80000003 0x00C3CA 0 50.0.1.3 50.0.1.1 631 0x80000002 0x00BB38 65003 50.0.1.4 50.0.1.1 631 0x80000002 0x00B141 65003 50.0.1.5 50.0.1.1 631 0x80000002 0x00A74A 65003 100.0.1.0 50.0.1.1 631 0x80000002 0x00D8D5 0 100.0.2.0 50.0.1.2 1111 0x80000001 0x00441B 0 200.0.1.0 50.0.1.1 632 0x80000002 0x00342C 65003 200.0.2.0 50.0.1.1 632 0x80000002 0x002936 65003 Cisco_3750_L3#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 50.0.1.1, local AS number 65001 BGP table version is 16, main routing table version 16 13 network entries using 1469 bytes of memory 24 path entries using 1248 bytes of memory 18/10 BGP path/bestpath attribute entries using 1944 bytes of memory 3 BGP AS-PATH entries using 72 bytes of memory 0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory 0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory BGP using 4733 total bytes of memory BGP activity 13/0 prefixes, 24/0 paths, scan interval 60 secs

Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd 10.0.2.2 4 65001 58 64 16 0 0 00:44:16 13 100.0.1.3 4 65003 54 53 16 0 0 00:45:14 6 Cisco_3750_L3#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 16, local router ID is 50.0.1.1 Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,

 	  	  	r RIB-failure, S Stale

Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

 	  	Network 	  	Next Hop 	Metric 	LocPrf 	Weight 	Path

• i 10.0.1.0/24 10.0.2.99 11 100 0 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 0 32768 ?
• i 10.0.2.0/24 10.0.2.2 1 100 0 ?
• > 10.0.1.99 2 32768 ?
• i 50.0.1.1/32 10.0.2.99 1011 100 0 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i

r> i 50.0.1.2/32 10.0.2.2 0 100 0 i

• i i50.0.1.3/32 10.0.2.99 1011 100 0 ?
• > 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 i
• i 50.0.1.4/32 10.0.2.99 1011 100 0 ?
• > 100.0.1.3 333 0 65003 65005 65004 i
• i 50.0.1.5/32 10.0.2.99 1011 100 0 ?
• > 100.0.1.3 333 0 65003 65005 i
• i 50.0.1.99/32 10.0.2.99 11 100 0 ?
• > 10.0.1.99 2 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.0/24 10.0.2.99 1011 100 0 ?
• 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 0 32768 ?

r> i 100.0.2.0/24 10.0.2.2 1 100 0 ?

• i 200.0.1.0 10.0.2.99 1011 100 0 ?
• > 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 ?
• i 200.0.2.0 10.0.2.99 1011 100 0 ?
• > 100.0.1.3 333 0 65003 65005 ?

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QUAGGA A

Quagga_A#show interface description

Interface Status Protocol Description eth0 up up eth1 up up lo up up Quagga_A#show ip route

Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,

 	  	I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
 	  	 

O>* 10.0.1.0/24 [110/11] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:11:01 O 10.0.2.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 01:11:48 C>* 10.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.1/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:10:16 C>* 50.0.1.2/32 is directly connected, lo O>* 50.0.1.3/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:10:02 O>* 50.0.1.4/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:08:48 O>* 50.0.1.5/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:09:14 O>* 50.0.1.99/32 [110/11] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:11:01 O>* 100.0.1.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:10:16 C>* 100.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo O>* 200.0.1.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:10:02 O>* 200.0.2.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:09:14 Quagga_A (Linux level)#route -n

Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 50.0.1.1 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.255 UGH 1011 0 0 eth0 50.0.1.99 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.255 UGH 11 0 0 eth0 50.0.1.3 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.255 UGH 1011 0 0 eth0 50.0.1.5 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.255 UGH 1011 0 0 eth0 50.0.1.4 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.255 UGH 1011 0 0 eth0 10.0.1.0 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.0 UG 11 0 0 eth0 10.0.2.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 100.0.2.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 200.0.1.0 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.0 UG 1011 0 0 eth0 200.0.2.0 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.0 UG 1011 0 0 eth0 100.0.1.0 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.0 UG 1011 0 0 eth0 Quagga_A#show ip ospf database

 	OSPF Router with ID (50.0.1.2)
 	  	  	  	  	  	 
 	  	Router Link States (Area 0.0.0.0)
 	  	  	  	  	  	 

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# CkSum Link count 50.0.1.1 50.0.1.1 292 0x80000005 0x3218 1 50.0.1.2 50.0.1.2 693 0x80000005 0xca91 1 50.0.1.99 50.0.1.99 311 0x80000006 0x216c 3

 	  	Net Link States (Area 0.0.0.0)
 	  	  	  	  	  	 
 	  	ADV Router 	  	  	CkSum 	 

10.0.1.99 50.0.1.99 0x80000003 0x9acd 10.0.2.99 50.0.1.99 0x80000003 0x9dc8

 	  	AS External Link States
 	  	  	  	  	  	 

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# CkSum Route 50.0.1.1 50.0.1.1 292 0x80000003 0x5985 E1 50.0.1.1/32 [0x0] 50.0.1.2 50.0.1.2 611 0x80000004 0xc1cb 50.0.1.2/32 [0x0] 50.0.1.3 50.0.1.1 292 0x80000003 0xb939 50.0.1.3/32 [0xfdeb] 50.0.1.4 50.0.1.1 292 0x80000003 0xaf42 50.0.1.4/32 [0xfdeb] 50.0.1.5 50.0.1.1 292 0x80000003 0xa54b 50.0.1.5/32 [0xfdeb] 100.0.1.0 50.0.1.1 292 0x80000003 0xd6d6 100.0.1.0/24 [0x0] 100.0.2.0 50.0.1.2 1431 0x80000002 0x421c 100.0.2.0/24 [0x0] 200.0.1.0 50.0.1.1 292 0x80000003 0x322d 200.0.1.0/24 [0xfdeb] 200.0.2.0 50.0.1.1 292 0x80000003 0x2737 200.0.2.0/24 [0xfdeb] Quagga_A#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 50.0.1.2, local AS number 65001 RIB entries 25, using 1600 bytes of memory Peers 2, using 5024 bytes of memory

Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd 10.0.1.1 4 65001 89 85 0 0 0 01:11:27 10 100.0.2.4 4 65004 57 53 0 0 0 00:46:37 5

Total number of neighbors 2 Quagga_A#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 0, local router ID is 50.0.1.2 Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,

 	  	  	r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed

Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

 	  	Network 	  	Next Hop 	Metric 	LocPrf 	Weight 	Path

• i 10.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 11 32768 ?
• i 10.0.2.0/24 10.0.1.99 2 100 0 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• i 50.0.1.1/32 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 i
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• 50.0.1.2/32 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
• > 50.0.1.3/32 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 i
• 50.0.1.4/32 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 i
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 65005 65004 i
• 50.0.1.5/32 100.0.2.4 222 0 65004 65005 i
• i 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 65005 i
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• i 50.0.1.99/32 10.0.1.99 2 100 0 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 11 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• 100.0.2.0/24 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• 200.0.1.0 100.0.2.4 222 0 65004 65005 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 ?
• 200.0.2.0 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 65005 ?

Let's look at the weight effect on the 50.1.0.3 network (see above): There are two routes for 50.0.1.3; which one will be chosen? The weights are different so the elected route (indicated with the ">" character) will have the highest weight (32768).

Let's look at the local preference effect on the 50.1.0.5 network (see above): There are two routes for 50.0.1.5; which one will be chosen? The weights are equals -> the local preferences are different so the route (indicated with the ">" character) with the highest local preference (333) will be chosen.

See details about the BGP path selection process.

Quagga_A#show route-map r2

OSPF: route-map r2, permit, sequence 10

 	Match clauses:
 	Set clauses:
 	Call clause:
 	Action:
 	  	Exit routemap

BGP: route-map r2, permit, sequence 10

 	Match clauses:
 	Set clauses:
 	  	local-preference 222
 	Call clause:
 	Action:
 	  	Exit routemap

Top of the page Show Commands Menu

CISCO 2651 B

Cisco_2651_B#show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol FastEthernet0/1 100.0.1.3 YES NVRAM up up FastEthernet0/1 200.0.1.3 YES NVRAM up up Loopback1 50.0.1.3 YES NVRAM up up Cisco_2651_B#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

 	  	  	D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
 	  	  	N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
 	  	  	E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
 	  	  	i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
 	  	  	ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
 	  	  	o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 	  	  	 

Gateway of last resort is not set

 	  	50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 6 subnets

C 50.0.1.3 is directly connected, Loopback1 B 50.0.1.2 [20/0] via 100.0.1.1, 00:46:33 B 50.0.1.1 [20/0] via 100.0.1.1, 00:47:02 B 50.0.1.5 [20/0] via 200.0.1.5, 00:46:30 B 50.0.1.4 [20/0] via 200.0.1.5, 00:46:00 B 50.0.1.99 [20/2] via 100.0.1.1, 00:47:02

 	  	100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C 100.0.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 B 100.0.2.0 [20/0] via 100.0.1.1, 00:22:34 C 200.0.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 B 200.0.2.0/24 [20/1] via 200.0.1.5, 00:46:30

 	  	10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

B 10.0.2.0 [20/2] via 100.0.1.1, 00:47:02 B 10.0.1.0 [20/0] via 100.0.1.1, 00:47:03 Cisco_2651_B#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 50.0.1.3, local AS number 65003 BGP table version is 14, main routing table version 14 13 network entries using 1261 bytes of memory 16 path entries using 576 bytes of memory 11 BGP path attribute entries using 660 bytes of memory 3 BGP AS-PATH entries using 72 bytes of memory 0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory 0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory BGP using 2569 total bytes of memory BGP activity 13/0 prefixes, 16/0 paths, scan interval 60 secs

Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd 100.0.1.1 4 65001 56 57 14 0 0 00:48:56 8 200.0.1.5 4 65005 57 58 14 0 0 00:47:26 5 Cisco_2651_B#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 16, local router ID is 50.0.1.3 Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,

 	  	  	r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed

Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

 	  	Network 	  	Next Hop 	Metric 	LocPrf 	Weight 	Path

• > 10.0.1.0/24 100.0.1.1 0 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.1.5 0 65005 65004 65001 ?
• > 10.0.2.0/24 100.0.1.1 2 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.1.5 0 65005 65004 65001 ?
• > 50.0.1.1/32 100.0.1.1 0 0 65001 i
• > 50.0.1.2/32 100.0.1.1 0 65001 i
• 200.0.1.5 0 65005 65004 65001 i
• > 50.0.1.3/32 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
• > 50.0.1.4/32 100.0.1.1 0 65001 65004 i
• 200.0.1.5 0 65005 65004 i
• > 50.0.1.5/32 200.0.1.5 0 0 65005 i
• > 50.0.1.99/32 100.0.1.1 2 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.1.5 0 65005 65004 65001 ?
• > 100.0.1.0/24 0.0.0.0 0 32768 ?
• 100.0.1.1 0 0 65001 ?
• > 100.0.2.0/24 100.0.1.1 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.1.5 0 65005 65004 ?
• > 200.0.1.0 0.0.0.0 0 32768 ?
• 200.0.1.5 1 0 65005 ?
• > 200.0.2.0 200.0.1.5 1 0 65005 ?

Let's look at the AS path effect on the 10.0.2.0 network (in red above): There are two routes for 10.0.2.0; which one will be chosen?

The weights are equals (0) -> the local preferences are not set -> The path lengths are different. This means that the elected route (indicated with the ">" character) will have the shortest path (1).

See details about the BGP path selection process.

Top of the page Show Commands Menu

QUAGGA B

Quagga_B#show interface description

Interface Status Protocol Description eth0 up up eth1 up up lo up up Quagga_B#show ip route

Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,

 	  	I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
 	  	 

B>* 10.0.1.0/24 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47 B>* 10.0.2.0/24 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47 B>* 50.0.1.1/32 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47 B>* 50.0.1.2/32 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47 B>* 50.0.1.3/32 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47 B>* 50.0.1.4/32 [20/99] via 200.0.2.4, eth1, 01:14:45 C>* 50.0.1.5/32 is directly connected, lo B>* 50.0.1.99/32 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47 B>* 100.0.1.0/24 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47 B>* 100.0.2.0/24 [20/99] via 200.0.2.4, eth1, 00:50:45 C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo C>* 200.0.1.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 C>* 200.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 Quagga_B#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 50.0.1.5, local AS number 65005 RIB entries 25, using 1600 bytes of memory Peers 2, using 5024 bytes of memory

Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd 200.0.1.3 4 65003 85 85 0 0 0 01:16:00 10 200.0.2.4 4 65004 84 90 0 0 0 01:15:59 11

Total number of neighbors 2 Quagga_B#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 0, local router ID is 50.0.1.5 Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,

 	  	  	r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed

Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

 	  	Network 	  	Next Hop 	Metric 	LocPrf 	Weight 	Path

• 10.0.1.0/24 200.0.2.4 99 0 65004 65001 ?
• > 200.0.1.3 55 0 65003 65001 ?
• 10.0.2.0/24 200.0.2.4 99 0 65004 65001 ?
• > 200.0.1.3 55 0 65003 65001 ?
• 50.0.1.1/32 200.0.2.4 99 0 65004 65001 ?
• > 200.0.1.3 55 0 65003 65001 i
• 50.0.1.2/32 200.0.2.4 99 0 65004 65001 i
• > 200.0.1.3 55 0 65003 65001 i
• 50.0.1.3/32 200.0.2.4 99 0 65004 65001 ?
• > 200.0.1.3 55 0 65003 i
• > 50.0.1.4/32 200.0.2.4 99 0 65004 i
• 50.0.1.5/32 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
• 50.0.1.99/32 200.0.2.4 99 0 65004 65001 ?
• > 200.0.1.3 55 0 65003 65001 ?
• 100.0.1.0/24 200.0.2.4 99 0 65004 65001 ?
• > 200.0.1.3 55 0 65003 ?
• > 100.0.2.0/24 200.0.2.4 99 0 65004 ?
• 200.0.1.3 55 0 65003 65001 ?
• 200.0.1.0 200.0.1.3 55 0 65003 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• 200.0.2.0 200.0.2.4 99 0 65004 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?

Let's look at the MED effect on the 10.0.1.0 network (in red above): There are two routes for 10.0.1.0; which one will be chosen?

The weights are equal (0) -> the local preferences are not set -> The path lengthsare equal (2) -> The origine codes are equal ("?" character) -> the MED are differrent. It means that the elected route (indicated with the ">" character) will have the lowest MED (55).

See details about the BGP path selection process.

Top of the page Show Commands Menu

CISCO 2651 C

Cisco_2651_C#show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol FastEthernet0/1 100.0.2.4 YES NVRAM up up FastEthernet0/1 200.0.2.4 YES NVRAM up up Loopback1 50.0.1.4 YES NVRAM up up Cisco_2651_C#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

 	  	  	D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
 	  	  	N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
 	  	  	E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
 	  	  	i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
 	  	  	ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
 	  	  	o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 	  	  	 

Gateway of last resort is not set

 	  	50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 6 subnets

B 50.0.1.3 [20/1011] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:28 B 50.0.1.2 [20/0] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:28 B 50.0.1.1 [20/1011] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:28 B 50.0.1.5 [20/0] via 200.0.2.5, 01:05:46 C 50.0.1.4 is directly connected, Loopback1 B 50.0.1.99 [20/11] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:29

 	  	100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

B 100.0.1.0 [20/1011] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:28 C 100.0.2.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0 B 200.0.1.0/24 [20/1] via 200.0.2.5, 01:05:46 C 200.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1

 	  	10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

B 10.0.2.0 [20/1] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:28 B 10.0.1.0 [20/11] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:30 Cisco_2651_C#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 50.0.1.4, local AS number 65004 BGP table version is 24, main routing table version 24 13 network entries and 26 paths using 2197 bytes of memory 12 BGP path attribute entries using 624 bytes of memory 4 BGP AS-PATH entries using 96 bytes of memory 0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory 0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory BGP activity 16/26 prefixes, 31/2 paths, scan interval 15 secs

Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd 100.0.2.2 4 65001 49 54 24 0 0 00:42:26 12 200.0.2.5 4 65005 81 76 24 0 0 01:06:44 11 Cisco_2651_C#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 0, local router ID is 50.0.1.5 Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,

 	  	  	r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed

Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

 	  	Network 	  	Next Hop 	Metric 	LocPrf 	Weight 	Path

• > 10.0.1.0/24 100.0.2.2 11 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.2.5 0 65005 65003 65001 ?
• > 10.0.2.0/24 100.0.2.2 0 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.2.5 0 65005 65003 65001 ?
• > 50.0.1.1/32 100.0.2.2 1011 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.2.5 0 65005 65003 65001 i
• > 50.0.1.2/32 100.0.2.2 0 0 65001 i
• 200.0.2.5 0 65005 65003 65001 i
• > 50.0.1.3/32 100.0.2.2 1011 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.2.5 0 65005 65003 i
• > 50.0.1.4/32 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
• 50.0.1.5/32 100.0.2.2 1011 0 65001 ?
• > 200.0.2.5 0 0 65005 i
• > 50.0.1.99/32 100.0.2.2 11 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.2.5 0 65005 65003 65001 ?
• > 100.0.1.0/24 100.0.2.2 1011 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.2.5 0 65005 65003 ?
• 100.0.2.0/24 100.0.2.2 1 0 65001 ?
• > 200.0.2.5 0 32768 ?
• 200.0.1.0 100.0.2.2 1011 0 65001 ?
• > 200.0.2.5 1 0 65005 ?
• 200.0.2.0 100.0.2.2 1011 0 65001 ?
• 200.0.2.5 1 0 65005 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 0 32768 ?

Let's look at the origin code effect on the 50.0.1.5 network (in red above): There are two routes for 50.0.1.5; which one will be chosen?

The weights are equal (0) -> the local preferences are not set -> The path lengths are equal (1) -> The origin codes are different. It means that the elected route (indicated with the ">" character) will have the lowest origin code (i).

See details about the BGP path selection process.

Cisco_2651_C#show route-map

route-map r99, permit, sequence 10

 	Match clauses:
 	Set clauses:
 	  	metric 99
 	Policy routing matches: 0 packets, 0 bytes

Top of the page Show Commands Menu

5. FAILOVER SCENARIO

The goal is to power off Switch 3750 L3 and see the routing tables changes on Cisco 2651 A and Quagga A. Cisco 2651 A should always be able to reach Quagga B but via Quagga A instead of Switch 3750 L3.

Paths comparison from Cisco 2651 A to Quagga B: (recursive ping from Cisco 2651 A to Quagga B)

10.0.1.99 100.0.1.1 200.0.1.3 50.0.1.5 50.0.1.5 100.0.1.3 10.0.1.1 10.0.1.99 10.0.2.99 100.0.2.2 200.0.2.4 50.0.1.5 50.0.1.5 100.0.2.4 10.0.2.2 10.0.2.99 Cisco 2651 A - Best routes comparison: ("show ip route")

 	50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 6 subnets

O E1 50.0.1.1 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, FastEth0/0 O E2 50.0.1.2 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E1 50.0.1.3 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, FastEth0/0 O E1 50.0.1.5 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, FastEth0/0 O E1 50.0.1.4 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, FastEth0/0 C 50.0.1.99 is directly connected, Loopback1

 	100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

O E1 100.0.1.0 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, FastEth0/0 O E2 100.0.2.0 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E1 200.0.1.0/24 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E1 200.0.2.0/24 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1

 	10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2subnets

C 10.0.1.0 is directly connected, FastEth0/0 C 10.0.2.0 is directly connected, FastEth0/1

 	50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 5 subnets
  ------------------------

O E2 50.0.1.2 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2 50.0.1.3 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2 50.0.1.4 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2 50.0.1.5 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 C 50.0.1.99 is directly connected, Loopback1

 	100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

O E2 100.0.1.0 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2 100.0.2.0 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2 200.0.1.0/24 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2 200.0.2.0/24 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1

 	10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
  ------------------------

C 10.0.2.0 is directly connected, FastEth0/1 Quagga A - Best routes comparison: ("show ip route")

C>* 10.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 C>* 100.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 C>* 50.0.1.2/32 is directly connected, lo O 10.0.2.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0 O>* 10.0.1.0/24 [110/11] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.1/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.3/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.4/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.5/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.99/32 [110/11] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 100.0.1.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 200.0.1.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 200.0.2.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0

C>* 10.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 C>* 100.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 C>* 50.0.1.2/32 is directly connected, lo O 10.0.2.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0

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B>* 50.0.1.3/32 [20/0] via 100.0.2.4, eth1 B>* 50.0.1.4/32 [20/0] via 100.0.2.4, eth1 B>* 50.0.1.5/32 [20/0] via 100.0.2.4, eth1 O>* 50.0.1.99/32 [110/11] via 10.0.2.99, eth0

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B>* 200.0.1.0/24 [20/0] via 100.0.2.4, eth1 B>* 200.0.2.0/24 [20/0] via 100.0.2.4, eth1 Quagga A - BGP routes comparison: ("show ip bgp")

• i 10.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 11 32768 ?
• i 10.0.2.0/24 10.0.1.99 2 100 0 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• i 50.0.1.1/32 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 i
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• 50.0.1.2/32 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
• > 50.0.1.3/32 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 i
• 50.0.1.4/32 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 i
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 65005 65004 i
• 50.0.1.5/32 100.0.2.4 222 0 65004 65005 i
• i 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 65005 i
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• i 50.0.1.99/32 10.0.1.99 2 100 0 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 11 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• 100.0.2.0/24 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• 200.0.1.0 100.0.2.4 222 0 65004 65005 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 ?
• 200.0.2.0 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65003 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 1011 32768 ?
• i 100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 65005 ?

• > i 10.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 ?

  ------------------------

• i 10.0.2.0/24 10.0.1.99 2 100 0 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• > i 50.0.1.1/32 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 i

  ------------------------

• 50.0.1.2/32 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
• > 50.0.1.3/32 100.0.2.4 222 0 65004 65005 65003 i

  ------------------------

• > 50.0.1.4/32 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 i

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  ------------------------

• > 50.0.1.5/32 100.0.2.4 222 0 65004 65005 i

  ------------------------
  ------------------------

• i 50.0.1.99/32 10.0.1.99 2 100 0 ?
• > 10.0.2.99 11 32768 ?

  ------------------------
  ------------------------

• 100.0.2.0/24 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 ?
• > 0.0.0.0 1 32768 ?
• > 200.0.1.0 100.0.2.4 222 0 65004 65005 ?

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  ------------------------

• > 200.0.2.0 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 ?

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