Difference between revisions of "Teknologi PSK31"

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[[Image:Orari.jpg|right|100px|thumb|[[Organisasi Amatir Radio Indonesia]]]]
 
[[Image:Orari.jpg|right|100px|thumb|[[Organisasi Amatir Radio Indonesia]]]]
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[[Image:PSK matrix.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Spectrogram|waterfall display]] depicting several PSK31 transmissions at around 14,070 kHz.]]
  
PSK31
+
'''PSK31''' or "[[Phase-shift keying|Phase Shift Keying]], 31 [[Baud]]" is a [[digital]], used primarily in the [[amateur radio]] field to conduct real-time informal text [[Synchronous conferencing|chat]] between amateur radio operators. [[Colloquial]] usage of the term PSK31 in [[amateur radio]] most often implies the use of [[Phase-shift keying#Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)|binary phase shift keying]] which is the mode [[BPSK31]]. By not assigning the '''''X''''' in '''''X'''''PSK31, BPSK31 is implied.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Jump to: navigation, search
 
Several PSK31 transmissions dripping around 14,070 kHz.
 
  
PSK31 or "Phase Shift Keying, 31 Baud" is a digital radio modulation mode, used primarily in the amateur radio field to conduct real-time informal text chat between amateur radio operators.
+
== History ==
Contents
+
PSK31 was developed by [[England|English]] amateur radio operator Peter Martinez (G3PLX) and introduced to the wider amateur radio community in December 1998. Martinez initially called his creation "[[varicode]]", because it uses variable length encodings ([[Huffman code]]s) to represent characters.
[hide]
 
 
 
    * 1 History
 
    * 2 Use and implementation
 
    * 3 Resistance to interference
 
    * 4 Technical information
 
    * 5 Spectrum efficiency compared to other modes
 
    * 6 Media
 
    * 7 References
 
    * 8 External links
 
 
 
[edit] History
 
 
 
PSK31 was developed by English amateur radio operator Peter Martinez (G3PLX) and introduced to the wider amateur radio community in December 1998.[1] Martinez initially called his creation "varicode", because it uses variable length encodings (Huffman codes) to represent characters.
 
  
 
PSK31 was enthusiastically received, and has since quickly spread into worldwide use. Due to the efficiency of the mode, it has become especially popular with operators whose circumstances do not permit the erection of large antenna systems and/or the use of high power.
 
PSK31 was enthusiastically received, and has since quickly spread into worldwide use. Due to the efficiency of the mode, it has become especially popular with operators whose circumstances do not permit the erection of large antenna systems and/or the use of high power.
  
Because the mode is seen as such an effective means to communication via PC, its audience has grown like wildfire in the years since its release[2] and lent a new tone to the on-air conduct of digital communications.
+
Because the mode is seen as such an effective means to communication via PC, its audience has grown like wildfire in the years since its release. and lent a new tone to the on-air conduct of digital communications.
  
[edit] Use and implementation
+
== Use and implementation ==
  
Very little equipment - in addition to a standard radio transceiver - is required to use PSK31. Normally an old PC and a few cables will suffice; the software is both free to download and runs happily on old, slow computers from the early 'Pentium' era or even earlier.
+
Very little equipment in addition to a standard radio transceiver is required to use PSK31. Normally an old PC and a few cables will suffice; the software is both free to download and runs happily on old, slow computers from the early Pentium era or even earlier.
  
The operator typically uses a single sideband transceiver connected to the sound card of the PC. When the operator enters a message for transmission, the software produces an audio tone, which sounds to the human ear like a continuous whistle with a slight warble. This is then fed through either a microphone jack (using an intermediate resistor to reduce the sound card's output power to microphone levels) or an auxiliary connection into the transceiver, where it is transmitted.
+
The operator typically uses a [[Single-sideband modulation|single sideband]] transceiver connected to the sound card of the PC. When the operator enters a message for transmission, the software produces an audio tone, which sounds to the human ear like a continuous whistle with a slight warble. This is then fed through either a microphone jack (using an intermediate resistor to reduce the sound card's output power to microphone levels) or an auxiliary connection into the transceiver, where it is transmitted.
  
From the perspective of the transmitter, this amounts to little more than somebody whistling into the microphone. However, the software rapidly shifts phase of the audio signal between two states (hence "phase-shift keying"), forming the varicode. These phase shifts serve the same function as the two tones used in traditional RTTY and similar systems.
+
From the perspective of the transmitter, this amounts to little more than somebody whistling into the microphone. However, the software rapidly shifts phase of the audio signal between two states (hence "phase-shift keying"), forming the varicode. These phase shifts serve the same function as the two tones used in traditional [[RTTY]] and similar systems.
  
 
To decode PSK31, the received audio whistle from the transceiver's headphone output is fed into the sound card's audio input, and the software decodes it. The software also includes a user interface on the PC, which is used to display the decoded text and manage the software configuration.
 
To decode PSK31, the received audio whistle from the transceiver's headphone output is fed into the sound card's audio input, and the software decodes it. The software also includes a user interface on the PC, which is used to display the decoded text and manage the software configuration.
  
The use of PSK31 does not require exclusive use of a 'dedicated' computer. When not running the PSK31 software, the computer can still be used exactly as before. Once set-up to run PSK31, the same computer and cables can then also be used to explore other interesting modes such as RTTY, Hellschreiber, Olivia MFSK etc, and perform useful tasks such as automatically monitoring radio propagation beacons.
+
The use of PSK31 does not require exclusive use of a dedicated computer. When not running the PSK31 software, the computer can still be used exactly as before. Once set-up to run PSK31, the same computer and cables can then also be used to explore other interesting modes such as [[RTTY]], [[Hellschreiber]], [[Olivia MFSK]] etc, and perform useful tasks such as automatically monitoring [[radio propagation beacon|radio propagation beacons]].
 
 
[edit] Resistance to interference
 
  
PSK31 can often overcome interference and poor propagation conditions in situations where voice or other data methods of communication fail. However, PSK31 was only designed for leisure use by amateurs, and due to its relatively slow speed and minimal or no error control, is not intended for the transmission of large blocks of data or text, or critical data requiring high immunity from errors.
+
== Resistance to interference ==
 +
PSK31 can often overcome interference and poor [[Radio propagation|propagation]] conditions in situations where voice or other data methods of communication fail. However, PSK31 was only designed for leisure use by amateurs, and due to its relatively slow speed and minimal or no [[error control]], is not intended for the transmission of large blocks of data or text, or critical data requiring high immunity from errors.
  
 
PSK31 works well with propagation paths that preserve phase, and can be adversely affected by those that do not, such as transpolar paths, where auroral influence can disrupt the signal phase continuity.
 
PSK31 works well with propagation paths that preserve phase, and can be adversely affected by those that do not, such as transpolar paths, where auroral influence can disrupt the signal phase continuity.
  
Some software supports PSK10 and PSK05 variants, running at 10 baud and 5 baud, respectively. These slower speeds sacrifice throughput to provide even greater resistance to noise and other interference.
+
Some software supports PSK10 and PSK05 variants, running at 10 baud and 5 baud, respectively. These slower speeds sacrifice [[throughput]] to provide even greater resistance to noise and other interference.
 
 
[edit] Technical information
 
 
 
PSK31 is a half-duplex mode of communication. Thus only one participant in the conversation can transmit at a time.
 
  
Technically, varicode is the encoding method, and PSK31 the transmitting method. Varicode was designed so that, as in Morse code, the more frequently occurring characters would have shorter encodings, while rarer characters used longer encodings.
+
== Technical information ==
 +
PSK31 is a [[duplex (telecommunications)|half-duplex]] mode of communication. Thus only one participant in the conversation can transmit at a time.
  
PSK31's bandwidth of 31.25 Hz was chosen because a normal typing speed of about 50 words per minute requires a bit rate of about 32 bits per second, and specifically because 31.25 Hz could easily be derived from the 8 kHz sample rate used in many DSP systems, including those used in the computer sound cards commonly used for PSK31 operation (31.25 Hz is 8 kHz divided by 256, and so can be derived from 8 kHz by halving the frequency eight times).
+
Technically, varicode is the encoding method, and PSK31 the transmitting method. Varicode was designed so that, as in [[Morse code]], the more frequently occurring characters would have shorter encodings, while rarer characters used longer encodings.
  
PSK31 normally uses no error control, but an allied mode, QPSK31, uses four phases to provide a degree of forward error correction.
+
PSK31's [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of 31.25 Hz was chosen because a normal typing speed of about 50 words per minute requires a bit rate of about 32 bits per second, and specifically because 31.25 Hz could easily be derived from the 8 kHz sample rate used in many [[digital signal processing|DSP]] systems, including those used in the computer sound cards commonly used for PSK31 operation (31.25 Hz is 8 kHz divided by 256, and so can be derived from 8 kHz by halving the frequency eight times).
  
[edit] Spectrum efficiency compared to other modes
+
PSK31 normally uses no [[error control]], but an allied mode, QPSK31, uses four phases to provide a degree of [[forward error correction]].
  
PSK31's efficiency and narrow bandwidth make it highly suitable for low-power and crowded-band operation. PSK31 contacts can be conducted at less than 100Hz separation, so with disciplined operation at least twenty simultaneous PSK31 contacts can be carried out side-by-side in the bandwidth required for just one SSB voice contact. For this reason PSK31 is one of the few digital modes which are 'welcome' on the narrow WARC bands.
+
== Spectrum efficiency compared to other modes ==
 +
PSK31's efficiency and narrow bandwidth make it highly suitable for [[QRP operation|low-power]] and crowded-band operation. PSK31 contacts can be conducted at less than 100Hz separation, so with disciplined operation at least twenty simultaneous PSK31 contacts can be carried out side-by-side in the bandwidth required for just one SSB voice contact.
  
[edit] Media
+
== Common Frequencies ==
+
The following [[amateur radio]] frequencies are commonly used for transmitting and receiving PSK31 signals.
A sample PSK31 transmission
 
Play sound
 
The text "Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit." sent as PSK31 (QPSK).
 
Problems listening to this file? See media help.
 
  
[edit] References
+
{| border="1" cellpadding=2 style="border-collapse: collapse"
 +
|+ '''PSK31 Frequencies'''
 +
|-
 +
[[Frequency]]
 +
!  [[amateur radio frequency allocations|Amateur Band]]
 +
|-
 +
|  1.838.15 MHz
 +
|  [[160 meters]]
 +
|-
 +
|  3.580.15 MHz
 +
|  [[80 meters]]
 +
|-
 +
|  7.035 MHz
 +
|  [[40 meters]] ''([[International_Amateur_Radio_Union#Regional_organisation|regions]] [[International_Amateur_Radio_Union#IARU_Region_1|1]] and [[International_Amateur_Radio_Union#IARU_Region_1|3]])''
 +
|-
 +
|  *7.080.15 MHz
 +
|  [[40 meters]] ''([[International_Amateur_Radio_Union#Regional_organisation|region]] [[International_Amateur_Radio_Union#IARU_Region_1|2]])''
 +
|-
 +
| 10.142.15 MHz
 +
| [[30 meters]]
 +
|-
 +
|  14.070.15 MHz
 +
|  [[20 meters]]
 +
|-
 +
|  18.100.15 MHz
 +
|  [[17 meters]]
 +
|-
 +
|  *21.080.15 MHz
 +
|  [[15 meters]]
 +
|-
 +
| 24.920.15 MHz
 +
| [[12 meters]]
 +
|-
 +
|  28.120.15 MHz
 +
|  [[10 meters]]
 +
|-
 +
|  50.290 MHz
 +
|  [[6 meters]]
 +
|}
  
    * Peter Martinez. PSK31: A new radio-teletype mode with a traditional philosophy. http://det.bi.ehu.es/~jtpjatae/pdf/p31g3plx.pdf
+
* Current usage as of 2010, based on observation, is centered on 7,070.15 and 21,070.15.
    * Meltz, Steve "The New HF Digital Modes - PSK31", QST, April, 1999, pp. 50-51
+
There is no authoritative list as the frequencies are determined by common convention.
    * Martinez, Peter. [1] "PSK31: A New Radio-Teletype Mode". RadCom, December 1998, updated February 1999
 
  
  1. ^ The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications. 84th Ed. (2007):9-13.
+
== References ==
  2. ^ The Amateur Radio Relay League. Technical description of PSK31. http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/psk31.html Accessed 10 May 2008.
+
* Peter Martinez. PSK31: A new radio-teletype mode with a traditional philosophy. http://det.bi.ehu.es/~jtpjatae/pdf/p31g3plx.pdf
 +
* http://members.cox.net/jrehak/PSK31.htm
 +
* http://www.facebook.com/pages/digitalradio/123270301037522
 +
* http://www.obriensweb.com/digispotter.html
  
[edit] External links
+
==External links==
 +
*[http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/HTML/psk31/index.html PSK31: Has RTTY's Replacement Arrived?] Article by Steve Ford, WB8IMY, introducing PSK31
 +
*[http://aintel.bi.ehu.es/psk31.html The Official PSK31 Page]
 +
*[http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/psk31.html ARRL PSK31 Info Page]
 +
*[http://bpsk31.com/psk31-guide How to operate PSK31 | PSK31 Guide]
 +
*[http://bpsk31.com/psk31-guide/psk31-frequencies PSK31 Frequencies] A listing of frequencies for PSK31 operation.
  
    * PSK31: Has RTTY's Replacement Arrived? Article by Steve Ford, WB8IMY, introducing PSK31
+
[[Category: ORARI]]
    * The Official PSK31 Page
 
    * ARRL PSK31 Info Page
 
    * How to operate PSK31 | PSK31 Guide
 
    * PSK31 Frequencies A listing of frequencies for PSK31 operation.
 

Latest revision as of 14:44, 23 August 2010

File:PSK matrix.jpg
A waterfall display depicting several PSK31 transmissions at around 14,070 kHz.

PSK31 or "Phase Shift Keying, 31 Baud" is a digital, used primarily in the amateur radio field to conduct real-time informal text chat between amateur radio operators. Colloquial usage of the term PSK31 in amateur radio most often implies the use of binary phase shift keying which is the mode BPSK31. By not assigning the X in XPSK31, BPSK31 is implied.

History

PSK31 was developed by English amateur radio operator Peter Martinez (G3PLX) and introduced to the wider amateur radio community in December 1998. Martinez initially called his creation "varicode", because it uses variable length encodings (Huffman codes) to represent characters.

PSK31 was enthusiastically received, and has since quickly spread into worldwide use. Due to the efficiency of the mode, it has become especially popular with operators whose circumstances do not permit the erection of large antenna systems and/or the use of high power.

Because the mode is seen as such an effective means to communication via PC, its audience has grown like wildfire in the years since its release. and lent a new tone to the on-air conduct of digital communications.

Use and implementation

Very little equipment – in addition to a standard radio transceiver – is required to use PSK31. Normally an old PC and a few cables will suffice; the software is both free to download and runs happily on old, slow computers from the early Pentium era or even earlier.

The operator typically uses a single sideband transceiver connected to the sound card of the PC. When the operator enters a message for transmission, the software produces an audio tone, which sounds to the human ear like a continuous whistle with a slight warble. This is then fed through either a microphone jack (using an intermediate resistor to reduce the sound card's output power to microphone levels) or an auxiliary connection into the transceiver, where it is transmitted.

From the perspective of the transmitter, this amounts to little more than somebody whistling into the microphone. However, the software rapidly shifts phase of the audio signal between two states (hence "phase-shift keying"), forming the varicode. These phase shifts serve the same function as the two tones used in traditional RTTY and similar systems.

To decode PSK31, the received audio whistle from the transceiver's headphone output is fed into the sound card's audio input, and the software decodes it. The software also includes a user interface on the PC, which is used to display the decoded text and manage the software configuration.

The use of PSK31 does not require exclusive use of a dedicated computer. When not running the PSK31 software, the computer can still be used exactly as before. Once set-up to run PSK31, the same computer and cables can then also be used to explore other interesting modes such as RTTY, Hellschreiber, Olivia MFSK etc, and perform useful tasks such as automatically monitoring radio propagation beacons.

Resistance to interference

PSK31 can often overcome interference and poor propagation conditions in situations where voice or other data methods of communication fail. However, PSK31 was only designed for leisure use by amateurs, and due to its relatively slow speed and minimal or no error control, is not intended for the transmission of large blocks of data or text, or critical data requiring high immunity from errors.

PSK31 works well with propagation paths that preserve phase, and can be adversely affected by those that do not, such as transpolar paths, where auroral influence can disrupt the signal phase continuity.

Some software supports PSK10 and PSK05 variants, running at 10 baud and 5 baud, respectively. These slower speeds sacrifice throughput to provide even greater resistance to noise and other interference.

Technical information

PSK31 is a half-duplex mode of communication. Thus only one participant in the conversation can transmit at a time.

Technically, varicode is the encoding method, and PSK31 the transmitting method. Varicode was designed so that, as in Morse code, the more frequently occurring characters would have shorter encodings, while rarer characters used longer encodings.

PSK31's bandwidth of 31.25 Hz was chosen because a normal typing speed of about 50 words per minute requires a bit rate of about 32 bits per second, and specifically because 31.25 Hz could easily be derived from the 8 kHz sample rate used in many DSP systems, including those used in the computer sound cards commonly used for PSK31 operation (31.25 Hz is 8 kHz divided by 256, and so can be derived from 8 kHz by halving the frequency eight times).

PSK31 normally uses no error control, but an allied mode, QPSK31, uses four phases to provide a degree of forward error correction.

Spectrum efficiency compared to other modes

PSK31's efficiency and narrow bandwidth make it highly suitable for low-power and crowded-band operation. PSK31 contacts can be conducted at less than 100Hz separation, so with disciplined operation at least twenty simultaneous PSK31 contacts can be carried out side-by-side in the bandwidth required for just one SSB voice contact.

Common Frequencies

The following amateur radio frequencies are commonly used for transmitting and receiving PSK31 signals.

PSK31 Frequencies
Frequency Amateur Band
1.838.15 MHz 160 meters
3.580.15 MHz 80 meters
7.035 MHz 40 meters (regions 1 and 3)
*7.080.15 MHz 40 meters (region 2)
10.142.15 MHz 30 meters
14.070.15 MHz 20 meters
18.100.15 MHz 17 meters
*21.080.15 MHz 15 meters
24.920.15 MHz 12 meters
28.120.15 MHz 10 meters
50.290 MHz 6 meters
  • Current usage as of 2010, based on observation, is centered on 7,070.15 and 21,070.15.

There is no authoritative list as the frequencies are determined by common convention.

References

External links